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Urinary concentrations of environmental phenols in pregnant women in a pilot study of the National Children's Study.

ABSTRACT: Environmental phenols are a group of chemicals with widespread uses in consumer and personal care products, food and beverage processing, and in pesticides. We assessed exposure to benzophenone-3, bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan, methyl- and propyl parabens, and 2,4- and 2,5-dichlorophenol or their precursors in 506 pregnant women enrolled in the National Children's Study (NCS) Vanguard Study. We measured the urinary concentrations of the target phenols by using online solid-phase extraction-isotope dilution high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. NCS women results were compared to those of 524 similar-aged women in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2010, and to 174 pregnant women in NHANES 2005-2010. In the NCS women, we found significant racial/ethnic differences (p<0.05) in regression adjusted mean concentrations of benzophenone-3, triclosan, 2,4- and 2,5-dichlorophenol, but not of BPA. Urinary 2,4- and 2,5-dichlorophenol concentrations were highly correlated (r=0.66, p<0.0001). Except for BPA and triclosan, adjusted mean concentrations were significantly different across the 7 study sites. Education was marginally significant for benzophenone-3, triclosan, propyl paraben, and 2,5-dichlorophenol. Urinary concentrations of target phenols in NCS pregnant women and U.S. women and pregnant women were similar. In NCS pregnant women, race/ethnicity and geographic location determined urinary concentrations of most phenols (except BPA), suggesting differential exposures. NCS Main Study protocols should collect urine biospecimens and information about exposures to environmental phenols.

SUBMITTER: Mortensen ME

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4530794 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Urinary concentrations of environmental phenols in pregnant women in a pilot study of the National Children's Study.

Mortensen Mary E ME Calafat Antonia M AM Ye Xiaoyun X Wong Lee-Yang LY Wright David J DJ Pirkle James L JL Merrill Lori S LS Moye John J

Environmental research 20140111

Environmental phenols are a group of chemicals with widespread uses in consumer and personal care products, food and beverage processing, and in pesticides. We assessed exposure to benzophenone-3, bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan, methyl- and propyl parabens, and 2,4- and 2,5-dichlorophenol or their precursors in 506 pregnant women enrolled in the National Children's Study (NCS) Vanguard Study. We measured the urinary concentrations of the target phenols by using online solid-phase extraction-isotop ...[more]

PMID: 24529000

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Phthalates and phenols are suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals that may adversely impact fetal outcomes following in utero exposure. Understanding predictors of exposure to phthalates and phenols during the prenatal period is important. METHODS:We measured urinary concentrations of 15 phthalate metabolites and 11 phenols in 446 pregnant women enrolled in the Healthy Start pre-birth cohort. Creatinine-adjusted geometric means (GM) for each urinary biomarker were compared across categories of potential sociodemographic and dietary predictors. To assess the independent relationship between each significant food group predictor and biomarker we used multivariable models, adjusted for sociodemographic predictors. RESULTS:The phthalate metabolites with the highest concentrations were monoethyl phthalate (GM: 41.1µg/g creatinine) and monocarboxyisooctyl phthalate (GM: 20.5µg/g creatinine). Benzophenone-3 (GM: 124.6µg/g creatinine) and methyl paraben (GM: 119.9µg/g creatinine) were the phenols with the highest concentrations. Concentrations of the metabolites of di-n-butyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were significantly higher in younger, unmarried or unemployed mothers, those who were overweight or obese, those with lower educational attainment, or those of minority race/ethnicity (p-values < 0.05). Metabolites of di-n-butyl phthalate concentrations were 18% lower in those who consumed milk ? 7 times per week (95% CI: 30-4%). Benzophenone-3 and triclosan concentrations were significantly higher in older, married, or employed mothers, those with normal body mass index, higher educational attainment, higher household income, or who were non-Hispanic white (p-values < 0.05). Benzophenone-3 concentrations were 62% higher in those who consumed seafood ? 5 times per month (95% CI: 16-127%). CONCLUSIONS:We observed differences in urinary concentrations of phthalates and phenol biomarkers by sociodemographic predictors in an ethnically diverse cohort of pregnant women. These results and future analyses from this prospective cohort will help inform targeted interventions to reduce exposure to these potential endocrine disrupting chemicals during pregnancy.

Project description:BackgroundFluoride exposures have not been established for pregnant women who live in regions with and without community water fluoridation.ObjectiveOur aim was to measure urinary fluoride levels during pregnancy. We also assessed the contribution of drinking-water and tea consumption habits to maternal urinary fluoride (MUF) concentrations and evaluated the impact of various dilution correction standards, including adjustment for urinary creatinine and specific gravity (SG).MethodsWe measured MUF concentrations in spot samples collected in each trimester of pregnancy from 1,566 pregnant women in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals cohort. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to assess variability in MUF concentrations across pregnancy. We used regression analyses to estimate associations between MUF levels, tea consumption, and water fluoride concentrations as measured by water treatment plants.ResultsCreatinine-adjusted MUF values ([Formula: see text]; milligrams per liter) were almost two times higher for pregnant women living in fluoridated regions ([Formula: see text]) compared with nonfluoridated regions ([Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text]). MUF values tended to increase over the course of pregnancy using both unadjusted values and adjusted values. Reproducibility of the unadjusted and adjusted MUF values was modest ([Formula: see text]). The municipal water fluoride level was positively associated with creatinine-adjusted MUF ([Formula: see text], 95% CI: 0.46, 0.57), accounting for 24% of the variance after controlling for covariates. Higher MUF concentrations correlated with numbers of cups of black ([Formula: see text] but not green tea ([Formula: see text]). Urinary creatinine and SG correction methods were highly correlated ([Formula: see text]) and were interchangeable in models examining predictors of MUF.ConclusionCommunity water fluoridation is a major source of fluoride exposure for pregnant women living in Canada. Urinary dilution correction with creatinine and SG were shown to be interchangeable for our sample of pregnant women. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3546.

Project description:BackgroundEnvironmental phenols, compounds used widely in personal care and consumer products, are known endocrine disruptors. Few epidemiologic studies have examined the association of phenol biomarkers with breast cancer incidence and, to our knowledge, none have considered associations with mortality following breast cancer. We examined seven urinary phenol biomarkers in association with breast cancer incidence and subsequent mortality, and examined effect measure modification by body mass index (BMI).MethodsParticipants included 711 women with breast cancer and 598 women without breast cancer who were interviewed for the population-based Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. Among women with breast cancer, phenol biomarkers were quantified in spot urine samples collected on average within three months of a first diagnosis of primary in situ or invasive breast cancer in 1996-1997. Women with breast cancer were monitored for vital status using the National Death Index. After a median follow-up of 17.6 years, we identified 271 deaths, including 98 deaths from breast cancer. We examined creatinine-corrected phenol concentrations and the sum of parabens (Σparabens) in association with breast cancer incidence using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and with mortality using Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. We evaluated multiplicative effect measure modification using cross-product terms in nested models.ResultsThe highest (vs lowest) quintiles of urinary methylparaben, propylparaben, and Σparabens were associated with risk of breast cancer with ORs ranging from 1.31 to 1.50. Methylparaben, propylparaben, and Σparabens were also associated with all-cause mortality HRs ranging from 0.68 to 0.77. Associations for breast cancer incidence were more pronounced among women with BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 than among women with BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2; however, associations for mortality were more pronounced among women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 than among women with BMI < 25 kg/m2.ConclusionsSelect parabens may have differential associations with risk of developing breast cancer and mortality following breast cancer.

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Urinary concentrations of environmental phenols in pregnant women in a pilot study of the National Children's Study.

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Urinary concentrations of environmental phenols in pregnant women in a pilot study of the National Children's Study.

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