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Effects of short term elastic resistance training on muscle mass and strength in untrained older adults: a randomized clinical trial.

ABSTRACT: The current recommendations on resistance training involving older adults have reported an improvement of body composition variables. Despite this, there is a lack of knowledge on how elastic resistance training (ERT) affects the muscle mass in older adults population. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a short-term ERT on muscle mass of health and untrained older adults.Forty older adults were randomized into two groups of 20 individuals each: Control Group (CG?=?66.2?±?6.6 years) and Training Group (TG?=?69.1?±?6.3 years). TG underwent an ERT twice a week during 8 weeks and control group did not receive any specific intervention. The primary outcome was the upper and lower limbs muscle mass, measured by Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The secondary outcomes were knee isokinetic peak torque (PT) at 60°/s and 120°/s speeds and isometric handgrip strength. A 2×2 mixed model (group [TG and CG] × time [pre and post]) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the effect on primary and secondary outcomes.The results of the ANOVA showed no significant effects in group x time interaction for (1) upper limbs fat free mass (F [1.38]?=?1.80, p?=?0.19, effect size [ES]?=?0.1) and for (2) lower limbs fat free mass (F [1.38]?=?0.03, p?=?0.88, ES?=?0.02). Regarding muscle strength, the ANOVA showed no significant effects in group x time interaction for (3) PT at 60°/s (F [1.38]?=?0.33, p?=?0.56, ES?=?3.0), for (4) PT at 120°/s (F [1.38]?=?0.80, p?=?0.38, ES?=?4.1) and for handgrip strength (F [1.38]?=?0.65, p?=?0.42-value, ES?=?0.9). Analysis of PT in TG showed a significant change of 4.5%, but only at 120°/s (p?=?0.01) when comparing pre and post-training (time interaction).Eight weeks of ERT did not show significant changes in muscle mass and strength of untrained older adults.NCT02253615 (09/25/14).

SUBMITTER: Martins WR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4533950 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effects of short term elastic resistance training on muscle mass and strength in untrained older adults: a randomized clinical trial.

Martins Wagner Rodrigues WR Martins Wagner Rodrigues WR Safons Marisete Peralta MP Bottaro Martim M Blasczyk Juscelino Castro JC Diniz Leonardo Rios LR Fonseca Romulo Maia Carlos RM Bonini-Rocha Ana Clara AC de Oliveira Ricardo Jacó RJ

BMC geriatrics 20150812

<h4>Background</h4>The current recommendations on resistance training involving older adults have reported an improvement of body composition variables. Despite this, there is a lack of knowledge on how elastic resistance training (ERT) affects the muscle mass in older adults population. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a short-term ERT on muscle mass of health and untrained older adults.<h4>Methods</h4>Forty older adults were randomized into two groups of 20 individuals ...[more]

PMID: 26265075

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Project description:Recommendations for conventional strength training are well described, and the volume of research on whole-body electromyostimulation training (WB-EMS) is growing. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether active exercise movements during stimulation have a positive effect on strength gains. A total of 30 inactive subjects (28 completed the study) were randomly allocated into two training groups, the upper body group (UBG) and the lower body group (LBG). In the UBG (n = 15; age: 32 (25-36); body mass: 78.3 kg (53.1-114.3 kg)), WB-EMS was accompanied by exercise movements of the upper body and in the LBG (n = 13; age: 26 (20-35); body mass: 67.2 kg (47.4-100.3 kg)) by exercise movements of the lower body. Therefore, UBG served as a control when lower body strength was considered, and LBG served as a control when upper body strength was considered. Trunk exercises were performed under the same conditions in both groups. During the 20-min sessions, 12 repetitions were performed per exercise. In both groups, stimulation was performed with 350 μs wide square pulses at 85 Hz in biphasic mode, and stimulation intensity was 6-8 (scale 1-10). Isometric maximum strength was measured before and after the training (6 weeks set; one session/week) on 6 exercises for the upper body and 4 for the lower body. Isometric maximum strength was significantly higher after the EMS training in both groups in most test positions (UBG p < 0.001-0.031, r = 0.88-0.56; LBG p = 0.001-0.039, r = 0.88-0.57). Only for the left leg extension in the UBG (p = 0.100, r = 0.43) and for the biceps curl in the LBG (p = 0.221, r = 0.34) no changes were observed. Both groups showed similar absolute strength changes after EMS training. Body mass adjusted strength for the left arm pull increased more in the LBG group (p = 0.040, r = 0.39). Based on our results we conclude that concurring exercise movements during a short-term WB-EMS training period have no substantial influence on strength gains. People with health restrictions, beginners with no experience in strength training and people returning to training might be particularly suitable target groups, due to the low training effort. Supposedly, exercise movements become more relevant when initial adaptations to training are exhausted.

Project description:BackgroundOlder adults display wide individual variability (heterogeneity) in the effects of resistance exercise training on muscle strength. The mechanisms driving this heterogeneity are poorly understood. Understanding of these mechanisms could permit development of more targeted interventions and/or improved identification of individuals likely to respond to resistance training interventions. Thus, this study assessed potential physiological factors that may contribute to strength response heterogeneity in older adults: neural activation, muscle hypertrophy, and muscle contractility.MethodsIn 24 older adults (72.3 ± 6.8 years), we measured the following parameters before and after 12 weeks of progressive resistance exercise training: i) isometric leg extensor strength; ii) isokinetic (60°/sec) leg extensor strength; iii) voluntary (neural) activation by comparing voluntary and electrically-stimulated muscle forces (i.e., superimposed doublet technique); iv) muscle hypertrophy via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) estimates of regional lean tissue mass; and v) intrinsic contractility by electrically-elicited twitch and doublet torques. We examined associations between physiological factors (baseline values and relative change) and the relative change in isometric and isokinetic muscle strength.ResultsNotably, changes in quadriceps contractility were positively associated with the relative improvement in isokinetic (r = 0.37-0.46, p ≤ 0.05), but not isometric strength (r = 0.09-0.21). Change in voluntary activation did not exhibit a significant association with the relative improvements in either isometric or isokinetic strength (r = 0.35 and 0.33, respectively; p > 0.05). Additionally, change in thigh lean mass was not significantly associated with relative improvement in isometric or isokinetic strength (r = 0.09 and -0.02, respectively; p > 0.05). Somewhat surprising was the lack of association between exercise-induced changes in isometric and isokinetic strength (r = 0.07).ConclusionsThe strength response to resistance exercise in older adults appears to be contraction-type dependent. Therefore, future investigations should consider obtaining multiple measures of muscle strength to ensure that strength adaptations are comprehensively assessed. Changes in lean mass did not explain the heterogeneity in strength response for either contraction type, and the data regarding the influence of voluntary activation was inconclusive. For isokinetic contraction, the strength response was moderately explained by between-subject variance in the resistance-exercise induced changes in muscle contractility.

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Effects of short term elastic resistance training on muscle mass and strength in untrained older adults: a randomized clinical trial.

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Effects of short term elastic resistance training on muscle mass and strength in untrained older adults: a randomized clinical trial.

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