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Correlation between maternal and infant cortisol varies by breastfeeding status.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to examine associations of mother and infant salivary cortisol, measured three times over the course of a day, and assess whether these varied by breastfeeding status. METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional study of 54 mothers and their infants aged 4-11 months. Mothers collected their own saliva and that of their infants upon awakening, 30min after waking and at bedtime. Breastfeeding status was reported by mothers and cortisol level was measured in saliva in ?g/dl using standard techniques. We used generalized linear models to evaluate relationships between maternal and infant cortisol levels, and assessed whether the relationship differed by breastfeeding status: formula only compared to partial and full breastfeeding, adjusting for infant sex, race, age, maternal education, and family income. RESULTS:Thirty-four infants received formula only and 20 were either partially or fully breastfed. Breastfeeding was associated with higher household income, higher maternal education, and white race. Cortisol levels were higher among breastfed infants at all three time points. After adjustment, maternal cortisol levels were related with infant cortisol at bedtime only (regression estimate 0.06; 95% CI: 0.10, 1.1; p=0.02). The adjusted association between bedtime maternal and infant cortisol was stronger among breastfeeding dyads than among formula-feeding dyads (regression estimate 1.0; 95% CI: 0.1, 2.0; p=0.04 vs. 0.6; CI: -0.1, 1.3; p=0.10). In addition, we assessed the influence of maternal education and household income in our adjusted model; income strengthened the observed association, whereas maternal education did not change the estimate. CONCLUSIONS:Breastfeeding mothers and infants had significant correlations for cortisol at bedtime, while formula-feeding dyads did not. These data suggest that several factors may contribute to cortisol synchrony observed in mother/infant dyads, including the transfer of cortisol in human milk, physical interaction such as skin-to-skin contact, and shared environment. In addition, our findings support household income as a possible contributor.

SUBMITTER: Benjamin Neelon SE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4544873 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Correlation between maternal and infant cortisol varies by breastfeeding status.

Benjamin Neelon Sara E SE Stroo Marissa M Mayhew Meghan M Maselko Joanna J Hoyo Cathrine C

Infant behavior & development 20150718

<h4>Objective</h4>The objective of this study was to examine associations of mother and infant salivary cortisol, measured three times over the course of a day, and assess whether these varied by breastfeeding status.<h4>Methods</h4>We conducted a cross-sectional study of 54 mothers and their infants aged 4-11 months. Mothers collected their own saliva and that of their infants upon awakening, 30min after waking and at bedtime. Breastfeeding status was reported by mothers and cortisol level was ...[more]

PMID: 26196472

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Project description:Purpose: We sought to determine the role of depression and anxiety in breastfeeding cessation. Materials and Methods: Participants underwent a baseline visit with a structured clinical interview in the third trimester of pregnancy. Monthly phone interviews assessed current mood symptoms and infant feeding status. We assessed the association between baseline mood and infant feeding outcomes using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusting for infant feeding intention and sociodemographic confounders. Results: We enrolled 222 mother-infant dyads in late pregnancy, of whom 206 completed assessments through 12 months postpartum. We enriched our study with symptomatic women by enrolling 87 women with current depression or anxiety (Current), 64 women with a history of depression or anxiety (Past), and 71 women with no psychiatric history (Never). In multivariable-adjusted analyses, baseline diagnosis was not associated with breastfeeding outcome, but baseline symptoms of depression (Beck Depression Inventory ≥11) or anxiety (Spielberger State Anxiety ≥40) were associated with earlier introduction of formula (depression: adj hazard ratio [HR] 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.30; anxiety: 1.70, 95% CI 1.01-2.87); and any cessation of breastfeeding (depression: adj HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.23-3.31; anxiety: 1.83, 95% CI 1.00-3.33), as were depression symptoms among women who were being treated with antidepressants, compared with untreated asymptomatic women (formula: adj HR 2.27, 95% CI 1.29-4.02; cessation: 2.32, 95% CI 1.17-4.61). History of childhood trauma (adj HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.12-1.61), disordered eating symptoms (adj HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.02-1.46), and poor sleep quality in pregnancy (adj HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09-1.60) were independently associated with earlier introduction of formula. Conclusions: Baseline mood symptoms were independently associated with earlier formula introduction and cessation of breastfeeding. History of childhood trauma, disordered eating symptoms and poor sleep quality were associated with earlier formula introduction. Targeted support may enable women with these symptoms to achieve their feeding goals.

Project description:BackgroundOffspring of obese rodents develop a metabolic phenotype that favors fat deposition. Data regarding the impact of maternal obesity programing of offspring fuel usage in humans is scarce.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to explore the association between maternal weight status and dietary palmitate oxidation (DPO) in 2-y-old offspring, taking into consideration potential confounders and modifiers.MethodsWomen (n = 56) were enrolled by the first trimester of gestation. Maternal physical activity (PA; measured with accelerometers) at enrollment and gestational weight gain (GWG) were measured. Offspring sex, race, and breastfeeding (BF) duration were self-reported. Human milk (HM) composition was determined at 6 mo postpartum. At age 2 y, dietary quality [healthy eating index (HEI)] and parental feeding practices [Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ)] were assessed. DPO in 2-y-olds (2-yo-DPO) was measured using deuterated palmitic acid. Generalized linear regression analysis was used to model the associations of 2-yo-DPO with maternal weight status [normal weight (NW), BMI <25 (in kg/m2) compared with excessive weight (EW), BMI ≥25].ResultsDPO was higher in offspring of women with EW compared with NW (2.1 ± 1.2%/h compared with 1.4 ± 0.7%/h, P = 0.03). Maternal weight status interacted with BF duration in association with 2-yo-DPO (log ß: 0.05, P = 0.04). Specifically, 2-yo-DPO was higher in the EW compared with NW group if BF duration was ≥9 mo. HM insulin (log ß: 0.35, P = 0.002) and HM leptin (log ß: 0.81, P = 0.001) concentrations directly associated with 2-yo-DPO. PA (log ß: 0.06, P = 0.013), parental feeding restriction (log ß: 0.05, P < 0.0001), and male sex (log ß: 0.54, P < 0.001) were positively associated with 2-yo-DPO. HEI was negatively associated with 2-yo-DPO (log ß:-0.03, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsHigher 2-yo-DPO in offspring of women with EW compared with NW were driven by BF duration. Higher HM insulin and leptin concentrations in women with EW may explain these finding. More studies are needed to confirm these results. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03281850.

Project description:BackgroundPrevious research has established that exposure to high maternal sensitivity is positively associated with advances in infant cognitive development. However, there are many fixed and modifiable factors that influence this association. This study investigates whether the association between maternal sensitivity and infant cognitive development in the first year of life is accounted for by other factors, such as breastfeeding, maternal depressive symptoms, maternal alcohol use, infant birth weight or demographic covariates.MethodsUsing data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth (ECLS-B) Cohort, a nationally representative sample of U.S. born children, multi-variable regression analyses was used to examine whether breastfeeding, maternal depressive symptoms and alcohol use were associated with maternal sensitivity, as measured by the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (NCATS), and with infant cognitive development, as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Short Form, Research Edition, after controlling for demographic covariates (infant sex, maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, income, parity, family structure) and infant birth weight.ResultsBreastfeeding, depressive symptoms and alcohol use were not associated with maternal sensitivity scores after controlling for demographic covariates and infant birth weight. However, breastfeeding (β = .079, p < .001), depressive symptoms (β = -.035, p < .05), and maternal sensitivity (β = .175, p < .001) were each significantly associated with infant cognitive development scores, even after controlling for demographic covariates and birthweight (R2 = .053, p < .001). The association between maternal sensitivity and infant cognitive development did not attenuate after adjusting for breastfeeding. Instead, both sensitivity and breastfeeding independently contributed to higher infant cognitive development scores.ConclusionMaternal sensitivity and breastfeeding are separate means to advancing infant cognitive development. This study is significant because it is the first to examine breastfeeding, maternal depressive symptoms and alcohol use together, upon the association between maternal sensitivity and infant cognitive development, after adjusting for demographic covariates and infant birthweight. Maternal sensitivity, a measurable quality, advances infants' cognitive development. Moreover, sensitivity and breastfeeding had independent effects upon cognitive development after controlling for multiple fixed and modifiable covariates. Understanding factors impacting the association between sensitivity and infant cognitive development provide avenues for developing more effective parenting interventions.

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Correlation between maternal and infant cortisol varies by breastfeeding status.

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Correlation between maternal and infant cortisol varies by breastfeeding status.

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