Mitochondrial uncoupling links lipid catabolism to Akt inhibition and resistance to tumorigenesis.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Nowinski SM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4552083 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundPhosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is an important tumor suppressor gene, and its encoded protein has activities of both a protein phosphatase and a lipid phosphatase. However, the substitution effect of protein phosphatase activity remains unclear. PI3K/Akt is the most common pathway negatively regulated by PTEN. The Hippo and PI3K/Akt pathways have a joint effect in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. Therefore, how PTEN lipid phosphatase inactivation contributes to the occurrence and development of gastric cancer and the potential role of the Hippo and PI3K/Akt pathways in PTEN lipid phosphatase inactivation mediated gastric tumorigenesis remain to be explored.MethodsImmunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of p-PTEN and YAP in a gastric cancer tissue microarray. Stable cell lines expressing a wild-type or dominant-negative mutant PTEN were established. The proliferation and migration of stable cells were detected by MTT, BrdU, and colony-formation, transwell assay and high content analysis in vitro, and tumor growth differences were observed in xenograft nude mice. Changes in the expression of key molecules in the Hippo and Akt signaling pathways were detected by western blot. Nuclear-cytoplasm separation, immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation analyses were conducted to explore the dysregulation of Hippo in the stable cell lines.ResultsPTEN lipid phosphatase inactivation strongly promoted the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. A immunohistochemical analysis of gastric cancer tissues revealed a significant correlation between phosphorylated PTEN and nuclear YAP expression, and both were determined to be independent prognostic factors for gastric cancer. Mechanistically, PTEN lipid phosphatase inactivation abolished the MOB1-LATS1/2 interaction, decreased YAP phosphorylation and finally promoted YAP nuclear translocation, which enhanced the synergistic effect of YAP-TEAD, thus inducing cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, PTEN lipid phosphatase inactivation promoted the PI3K/Akt pathway, and disruption of YAP-TEAD-driven transcription decreased the activation of Akt in a dose-dependent manner.ConclusionsTaken together, our findings indicate that PTEN lipid phosphatase inactivation links the Hippo and PI3K/Akt pathways to promote gastric tumorigenesis and cancer development.
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Project description:Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy among Western men and the second leading-cause of cancer related deaths. For men who develop metastatic castration resistant PCa (mCRPC), survival is limited, making the identification of novel therapies for mCRPC critical. We have found that deficient lipid oxidation via carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) results in decreased growth and invasion, underscoring the role of lipid oxidation to fuel PCa growth. Using immunohistochemistry we have found that the CPT1A isoform is abundant in PCa compared to benign tissue (n=39, p<0.001) especially in those with high-grade tumors. Since lipid oxidation is stimulated by androgens, we have evaluated the synergistic effects of combining CPT1A inhibition and anti-androgen therapy. Mechanistically, we have found that decreased CPT1A expression is associated with decreased AKT content and activation, likely driven by a breakdown of membrane phospholipids and activation of the INPP5K phosphatase. This results in increased androgen receptor (AR) action and increased sensitivity to the anti-androgen enzalutamide. To better understand the clinical implications of these findings, we have evaluated fat oxidation inhibitors (etomoxir, ranolazine and perhexiline) in combination with enzalutamide in PCa cell models. We have observed a robust growth inhibitory effect of the combinations, including in enzalutamide-resistant cells and mouse TRAMPC1 cells, a more neuroendocrine PCa model. Lastly, using a xenograft mouse model, we have observed decreased tumor growth with a systemic combination treatment of enzalutamide and ranolazine. In conclusion, our results show that improved anti-cancer efficacy can be achieved by co-targeting the AR axis and fat oxidation via CPT1A, which may have clinical implications, especially in the mCRPC setting.
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Project description:Drug resistant strains of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, have rendered chloroquine ineffective throughout much of the world. In parts of Africa and Asia, the coordinated shift from chloroquine to other drugs has resulted in the near disappearance of chloroquine-resistant (CQR) parasites from the population. Currently, there is no molecular explanation for this phenomenon. Herein, we employ metabolic quantitative trait locus mapping (mQTL) to analyze progeny from a genetic cross between chloroquine-susceptible (CQS) and CQR parasites. We identify a family of hemoglobin-derived peptides that are elevated in CQR parasites and show that peptide accumulation, drug resistance, and reduced parasite fitness are all linked in vitro to CQR alleles of the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt). These findings suggest that CQR parasites are less fit because mutations in pfcrt interfere with hemoglobin digestion by the parasite. Moreover, our findings may provide a molecular explanation for the reemergence of CQS parasites in wild populations.
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Project description:Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy among western men and the second leading-cause of cancer related deaths. For men who develop metastatic, castration-resistant PCa (mCRPC), survival is limited, making the identification of novel therapies for mCRPC critical. Deficient lipid oxidation via carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) results in decreased growth and invasion, underscoring the role of lipid catabolism to fuel PCa growth. In fact, the CPT1A isoform is abundant in PCa, especially in those with high-grade tumors. Since lipid oxidation is stimulated by androgens, we have evaluated the synergistic effects of combining CPT1A inhibition and anti-androgen therapy. Mechanistically, we have found that decreased CPT1A expression is associated with decreased AKT content and activation, likely driven by a breakdown of membrane phospholipids and activation of the INPP5K phosphatase. This results in increased AR content and increased sensitivity to the anti-androgen enzalutamide. To better understand the clinical implications of this findings, we have evaluated fat oxidation inhibitors (etomoxir, ranolazine and perhexiline) in combination with enzalutamide in PCa cell models. We have observed a robust inhibitory effect of the combinations, including in enzalutamide-resistant cells and mouse TRAMPC1 cells, a more neuroendocrine PCa model. Lastly, using a xenograft mouse model, we have observed decreased tumor growth with a systemic combination treatment of enzalutamide and ranolazine. In conclusion, our results show that improved anti-cancer efficacy can be achieved by co-targeting the AR axis and fat oxidation via CPT1A, which may have clinical implications, especially in the mCRPC setting.
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Project description:Forkhead transcription factors (FOXOs) alter a diverse array of cellular processes including the cell cycle, oxidative stress resistance, and aging. Insulin/Akt activation directs phosphorylation and cytoplasmic sequestration of FOXO away from its target genes and serves as an endpoint of a complex signaling network. Using a human genome small interfering RNA (siRNA) library in a cell-based assay, we identified an extensive network of proteins involved in nuclear export, focal adhesion, and mitochondrial respiration not previously implicated in FOXO localization. Furthermore, a detailed examination of mitochondrial factors revealed that loss of uncoupling protein 5 (UCP5) modifies the energy balance and increases free radicals through up-regulation of uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3). The increased superoxide content induces c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) kinase activity, which in turn affects FOXO localization through a compensatory dephosphorylation of Akt. The resulting nuclear FOXO increases expression of target genes, including mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. By connecting free radical defense and mitochondrial uncoupling to Akt/FOXO signaling, these results have implications in obesity and type 2 diabetes development and the potential for therapeutic intervention.
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Project description:The class 3 phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is required for the lysosomal degradation by autophagy and vesicular trafficking, assuring adaptation to energy shortages. Mitochondrial lipid catabolism is another important energy source. Autophagy and mitochondrial metabolism are transcriptionally controlled by nutrient sensing nuclear receptors. However, it is not known whether the class 3 PI3K contributes to this regulation. Here we show that hepatocyte-specific inactivation of Vps15, the essential regulatory subunit of the class 3 PI3K, results in mitochondrial depletion and a failure to oxidize fatty acids. Mechanistically, the transcriptional activity of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), a nuclear receptor that orchestrates fatty acid catabolism, is blunted in Vps15-deficient livers. We find PPARα transcriptional repressors Histone Deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) and Nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 (NCoR1) accumulated in Vps15-deficient livers due to defective autophagic flux. Pharmacologic activation of PPARα with a synthetic ligand, re-expression of its co-activator Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) or inhibition of Hdac3 restored mitochondrial biogenesis and lipid oxidation in Vps15-deficient hepatocytes. These findings reveal a role for the class 3 PI3K and autophagy in transcriptional coordination of mitochondrial metabolism.
2020-02-06 | E-MTAB-7685 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:The uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are transporters, present in the mitochondrial inner membrane, that mediate a regulated discharge of the proton gradient that is generated by the respiratory chain. This energy-dissipatory mechanism can serve functions such as thermogenesis, maintenance of the redox balance, or reduction in the production of reactive oxygen species. Some UCP homologs may not act as true uncouplers, however, and their activity has yet to be defined. The UCPs are integral membrane proteins, each with a molecular mass of 31-34 kDa and a tripartite structure in which a region of around 100 residues is repeated three times; each repeat codes for two transmembrane segments and a long hydrophilic loop. The functional carrier unit is a homodimer. So far, 45 genes encoding members of the UCP family have been described, and they can be grouped into six families. Most of the described genes are from mammals, but UCP genes have also been found in fish, birds and plants, and there is also functional evidence to suggest their presence in fungi and protozoa. UCPs are encoded in their mature form by nuclear genes and, unlike many nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins, they lack a cleavable mitochondrial import signal. The information for mitochondrial targeting resides in the first loop that protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix; the second matrix loop is essential for insertion of the protein into the inner mitochondrial membrane. UCPs are regulated at both the transcriptional level and by activation and inhibition in the mitochondrion.
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Project description:Previously, we have shown that a heteroplasmic mutation in mitochondrial DNA-encoded complex I ND5 subunit gene resulted in an enhanced tumorigenesis through increased resistance to apoptosis. Here we report that the tumorigenic phenotype associated with complex I dysfunction could be reversed by introducing a yeast NADH quinone oxidoreductase (NDI1) gene. The NDI1 mediated electron transfer from NADH to Co-Q, bypassed the defective complex I and restored oxidative phosphorylation in the host cells. Alternatively, suppression of complex I activity by a specific inhibitor, rotenone or induction of oxidative stress by paraquat led to an increase in the phosphorylation of v-AKT murine thymoma viral oncogene (AKT) and enhanced the tumorigenesis. On the other hand, antioxidant treatment can ameliorate the reactive oxygen species-mediated AKT activation and reverse the tumorigenicity of complex I-deficient cells. Our results suggest that complex I defects could promote tumorigenesis through induction of oxidative stress and activation of AKT pathway.
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Project description:Glucocorticoid resistance is a major driver of therapeutic failure in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Here we used a systems biology approach, based on the reverse engineering of signaling regulatory networks, which identified the AKT1 kinase as a signaling factor driving glucocorticoid resistance in T-ALL. Indeed, activation of AKT1 in T-ALL lymphoblasts impairs glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, AKT1 directly phosphorylates the glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 protein at position S134 and blocks glucocorticoid-induced NR3C1 translocation to the nucleus. Consistently, inhibition of AKT1 with MK-2206 increases the response of T-ALL cells to glucocorticoid therapy both in T-ALL cell lines and in primary patient samples thus effectively reversing glucocorticoid resistance in vitro and in vivo. These results warrant the clinical testing of ATK1 inhibitors and glucocorticoids, in combination, for the treatment of T-ALL. This study includes 228 T-ALL samples of which 117 samples are re-analysis of GSE26713.
2013-05-30 | E-GEOD-32215 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:The class 3 phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is required for lysosomal degradation by autophagy and vesicular trafficking, assuring nutrient availability. Mitochondrial lipid catabolism is another energy source. Autophagy and mitochondrial metabolism are transcriptionally controlled by nutrient sensing nuclear receptors. However, the class 3 PI3K contribution to this regulation is unknown. We show that liver-specific inactivation of Vps15, the essential regulatory subunit of the class 3 PI3K, elicits mitochondrial depletion and failure to oxidize fatty acids. Mechanistically, transcriptional activity of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), a nuclear receptor orchestrating lipid catabolism, is blunted in Vps15-deficient livers. We find PPARα repressors Histone Deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) and Nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 (NCoR1) accumulated in Vps15-deficient livers due to defective autophagy. Activation of PPARα or inhibition of Hdac3 restored mitochondrial biogenesis and lipid oxidation in Vps15-deficient hepatocytes. These findings reveal roles for the class 3 PI3K and autophagy in transcriptional coordination of mitochondrial metabolism.
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