ABSTRACT: disease is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in the world, affecting nearly 15 million people, primarily in Latin America. Only two drugs are used for the treatment of this disease, nifurtimox and benznidazole. These drugs have limited efficacy and frequently induce adverse effects, limiting their usefulness. Consequently, new drugs must be found. In this study, we demonstrated the in vitro trypanocidal effects of a series of four gallic acid derivatives characterized by a gallate group linked to a triphenylphosphonium (TPP(+)) moiety (a delocalized cation) via a hydrocarbon chain of 8, 10, 11, or 12 atoms (TPP(+)-C8, TPP(+)-C10, TPP(+)-C11, and TPP(+)-C12, respectively). We analyzed parasite viability in isolated parasites (by MTT reduction and flow cytometry) and infected mammalian cells using T. cruzi Y strain trypomastigotes. Among the four derivatives, TPP(+)-C10 and TPP(+)-C12 were the most potent in both models, with EC50 values (in isolated parasites) of 1.0 ± 0.6 and 1.0 ± 0.7 ?M, respectively, and were significantly more potent than nifurtimox (EC50 = 4.1 ± 0.6 ?M). At 1 ?M, TPP(+)-C10 and TPP(+)-C12 induced markers of cell death, such as phosphatidylserine exposure and propidium iodide permeabilization. In addition, at 1 ?M, TPP(+)-C10 and TPP(+)-C12 significantly decreased the number of intracellular amastigotes (TPP(+)-C10: 24.3%, TPP(+)-C12: 19.0% of control measurements, as measured by DAPI staining) and the parasite's DNA load (C10: 10%, C12: 13% of control measurements, as measured by qPCR). Based on the previous mode of action described for these compounds in cancer cells, we explored their mitochondrial effects in isolated trypomastigotes. TPP(+)-C10 and TPP(+)-C12 were the most potent compounds, significantly altering mitochondrial membrane potential at 1 ?M (measured by JC-1 fluorescence) and inducing mitochondrial transition pore opening at 5 ?M. Taken together, these results indicate that the TPP(+)-C10 and TPP(+)-C12 derivatives of gallic acid are promising trypanocidal agents with mitochondrial activity.
