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The precision of 12-month-old infants' link between language and categorization predicts vocabulary size at 12 and 18 months.

ABSTRACT: Infants' initially broad links between language and object categories are increasingly tuned, becoming more precise by the end of their first year. In a longitudinal study, we asked whether individual differences in the precision of infants' links at 12 months of age are related to vocabulary development. We found that, at 12 months, infants who had already established a precise link between labels and categories understood more words than those whose link was still broad. Six months later, this advantage held: At 18 months, infants who had demonstrated a precise link at 12 months knew and produced more words than did infants who had demonstrated a broad link at 12 months. We conclude that individual differences in the precision of 12-month-old infants' links between language and categories provide a reliable window into their vocabulary development. We consider several causal explanations of this relation.

SUBMITTER: Ferguson B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4553367 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The precision of 12-month-old infants' link between language and categorization predicts vocabulary size at 12 and 18 months.

Ferguson Brock B Havy Mélanie M Waxman Sandra R SR

Frontiers in psychology 20150831

Infants' initially broad links between language and object categories are increasingly tuned, becoming more precise by the end of their first year. In a longitudinal study, we asked whether individual differences in the precision of infants' links at 12 months of age are related to vocabulary development. We found that, at 12 months, infants who had already established a precise link between labels and categories understood more words than those whose link was still broad. Six months later, this ...[more]

PMID: 26379614

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Project description:BackgroundThe diagnostic and prediction criteria of residual hip dysplasia (RHD) remains controversial. There were no studies that focused on the risk factors of RHD after closed reduction (CR) in children with developmental dislocation of the hips (DDH) over 12 months of age. In this study, we assessed the percentage of RHD in DDH patients aged 12 to 18 months vs. that in DDH patients aged over 18 months after CR and determine the predictors of RHD. Meanwhile, we tested the reliability of our RHD criteria compared with Harcke standard.MethodsPatients over 12 months of age who underwent successful CR from October 2011 to November 2017 and followed up for at least 2 years were enrolled. Gender, affected side, age at CR and follow-up time were recorded. Acetabular index (AI), horizontal acetabular width (AWh), center-to-edge angle (CEA), and femoral head coverage (FHC) were measured. The cases were divided into two groups according to whether older than 18 months. RHD was determined according to our criteria.ResultsA total of 82 patients (107 hips) were included, including 69 females (84.1%), 13 males (15.9%), 25 patients (30.5%) with bilateral DDH, 33 patients (40.2%) with left side, 24 patients (29.3%) with right side, 40 patients (49 hips) with age 12-18 months, and 42 patients (58 hips) with age >18 months. At a mean follow-up of 47.8 [24-92] months, the percentage of RHD was higher in patients >18 months of age (58.6%) than patients 12-18 months of age (40.8%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that pre-AI, pre-AWh, and improvement in AI and AWh (P=0.025, 0.016, 0.001, 0.003, respectively) had significant difference. The sensitivity and specialty of our RHD criteria were 81.82% and 82.69%, respectively.ConclusionsFor patients with DDH over 18 months, CR is still a choice. We documented four predictors of RHD, suggesting that we should focus on the developmental potential of an individual's acetabulum. Our RHD criteria may be one of the reliable and useful tools in clinical practice to help determine whether to perform continuous observation or surgery, but further research is needed due to limited sample size and follow-up time.

Project description:BackgroundMetabolic programming of glucose homeostasis in the first 1,000 days of life may impact lifelong metabolic and cardiovascular health. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices may help measure the impact of dietary intake on glucose rhythms and metabolism in infants during the complementary feeding period.ObjectivesDemonstrate the feasibility of CGM to measure and quantify glucose variability in response to infant feeding and to evaluate associations between macronutrient meal composition and glucose variability.MethodsThe "FreeStyle Libre Pro®" device interstitial glucose meter was applied to the anterior thigh of 10 healthy 6-12-month-old infants. Parents recorded food intake, time of feeding, and used daily dairies to record sleep time and duration. Descriptive statistics were employed for food intake, sleep and key glycemic parameters over three full days. Mixed linear models were used to assess glycemic changes.ResultsMid-day, afternoon, and evening feeds contained >30 g carbohydrate and induced higher 2-h iAUC (3.42, 3.41, and 3.50 mmol/L*h respectively) compared to early and mid-morning feedings with ≤25 g carbohydrates (iAUC 2.72 and 2.81 mmol/L*h, p < 0.05). Early morning and evening milk feedings contained approximately 9 g of fat and induced a longer time to reach maximal glucose value (Tmax; 75 and 68 min, respectively) compared to lower fat feedings (2.9-5.9 g; Tmax range: 34-60 min; p < 0.05). Incremental glucose value at time of food intake (C0) increased significantly from 0.24 ± 0.39 mM in early morning to 1.07 ± 0.57 mM in the evening (p < 0.05). Over the day, 70% of glucose values remained within the normal range (3.5-5.5 mmol/L), 10% were between 5.5-10 mmol/L, and 20% were < 3.5 mmol/L.ConclusionOur data support the feasibility of using CGM to measure glucose in 6-12-month-old infants. The observation of possible diurnal glucose variability and typical glucose values may have implications for future studies investigating metabolic adaptation to nutritional intake in early life.

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The precision of 12-month-old infants' link between language and categorization predicts vocabulary size at 12 and 18 months.

Publications

The precision of 12-month-old infants' link between language and categorization predicts vocabulary size at 12 and 18 months.

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