Browse
Submit Data
Databases
API
Help

Dataset Information

15 Views

0 Connections

0 Citations

0 Reanalyses

0 Downloads

Omics score: 0

Phenylketonuria Pathophysiology: on the Role of Metabolic Alterations.

ABSTRACT: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism caused by the deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase. This deficiency leads to the accumulation of Phe and its metabolites in tissues and body fluids of PKU patients. The main signs and symptoms are found in the brain but the pathophysiology of this disease is not well understood. In this context, metabolic alterations such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired protein and neurotransmitters synthesis have been described both in animal models and patients. This review aims to discuss the main metabolic disturbances reported in PKU and relate them with the pathophysiology of this disease. The elucidation of the pathophysiology of brain damage found in PKU patients will help to develop better therapeutic strategies to improve quality of life of patients affected by this condition.

SUBMITTER: Schuck PF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4567221 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Json Xml

Publications

Phenylketonuria Pathophysiology: on the Role of Metabolic Alterations.

Schuck Patrícia Fernanda PF Malgarin Fernanda F Cararo José Henrique JH Cardoso Fabiola F Streck Emilio Luiz EL Ferreira Gustavo Costa GC

Aging and disease 20150901 5

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism caused by the deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase. This deficiency leads to the accumulation of Phe and its metabolites in tissues and body fluids of PKU patients. The main signs and symptoms are found in the brain but the pathophysiology of this disease is not well understood. In this context, metabolic alterations such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired protein and neurotransmitters synthes ...[more]

PMID: 26425393

Similar Datasets

Epigenetic Alterations in Fanconi Anaemia: Role in Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Potential.

Project description:Fanconi anaemia (FA) is an inherited disorder characterized by chromosomal instability. The phenotype is variable, which raises the possibility that it may be affected by other factors, such as epigenetic modifications. These play an important role in oncogenesis and may be pharmacologically manipulated. Our aim was to explore whether the epigenetic profiles in FA differ from non-FA individuals and whether these could be manipulated to alter the disease phenotype. We compared expression of epigenetic genes and DNA methylation profile of tumour suppressor genes between FA and normal samples. FA samples exhibited decreased expression levels of genes involved in epigenetic regulation and hypomethylation in the promoter regions of tumour suppressor genes. Treatment of FA cells with histone deacetylase inhibitor Vorinostat increased the expression of DNM3T? and reduced the levels of CIITA and HDAC9, PAK1, USP16, all involved in different aspects of epigenetic and immune regulation. Given the ability of Vorinostat to modulate epigenetic genes in FA patients, we investigated its functional effects on the FA phenotype. This was assessed by incubating FA cells with Vorinostat and quantifying chromosomal breaks induced by DNA cross-linking agents. Treatment of FA cells with Vorinostat resulted in a significant reduction of aberrant cells (81% on average). Our results suggest that epigenetic mechanisms may play a role in oncogenesis in FA. Epigenetic agents may be helpful in improving the phenotype of FA patients, potentially reducing tumour incidence in this population.

| S-EPMC4605638 | biostudies-literature

The Role of Metabolic Plasticity in Blood and Brain Stem Cell Pathophysiology.

Project description:Our understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity in cancer continues to evolve, with current models incorporating single-cell signatures to explore cell-cell interactions and differentiation state. The transition between stem and differentiation states in nonneoplastic cells requires metabolic plasticity, and this plasticity is increasingly recognized to play a central role in cancer biology. The insights from hematopoietic and neural stem cell differentiation pathways were used to identify cancer stem cells in leukemia and gliomas. Similarly, defining metabolic heterogeneity and fuel-switching signals in nonneoplastic stem cells may also give important insights into the corresponding molecular mechanisms controlling metabolic plasticity in cancer. These advances are important, because metabolic adaptation to anticancer therapeutics is rooted in this inherent metabolic plasticity and is a therapeutic challenge to be overcome.

| S-EPMC7153784 | biostudies-literature

Long-Term Metabolic Correction of Phenylketonuria by AAV-Delivered Phenylalanine Amino Lyase.

Project description:Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutation within phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. Loss-of-function of PAH leads to accumulation of phenylalanine in the blood/body of an untreated patient, which damages the developing brain, causing severe mental retardation. Current gene therapy strategies based on adeno-associated vector (AAV) delivery of PAH gene were effective in male animals but had little long-term effects on blood hyperphenylalaninemia in females. Here, we designed a gene therapy strategy using AAV to deliver a human codon-optimized phenylalanine amino lyase in a liver-specific manner. It was shown that PAL was active in lysing phenylalanine when it was expressed in mammalian cells. We produced a recombinant adeno-associated vector serotype 8 (AAV8) viral vector expressing the humanized PAL under the control of human antitrypsin (hAAT) promoter (AAV8-PAL). A single intravenous administration of AAV8-PAL caused long-term correction of hyperphenylalaninemia in both male and female PKU mice (strain Pahenu2). Besides, no obvious liver injury was observed throughout the treatment process. Thus, our results established that AAV-mediated liver delivery of PAL gene is a promising strategy in the treatment of PKU.

| S-EPMC7733040 | biostudies-literature

A Potential Role of YAP/TAZ in the Interplay Between Metastasis and Metabolic Alterations.

Project description:Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) and Transcriptional Co-activator with PDZ-binding Motif (TAZ) are the downstream effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway that play a crucial role in various aspects of cancer progression including metastasis. Metastasis is the multistep process of disseminating cancer cells in a body and responsible for the majority of cancer-related death. Emerging evidence has shown that cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to gain proliferation, invasion, migration, and anti-apoptotic abilities and adapt to various environment during metastasis. Moreover, it has increasingly been recognized that YAP/TAZ regulates cellular metabolism that is associated with the phenotypic changes, and recent studies suggest that the YAP/TAZ-mediated metabolic alterations contribute to metastasis. In this review, we will introduce the latest knowledge of YAP/TAZ regulation and function in cancer metastasis and metabolism, and discuss possible links between the YAP/TAZ-mediated metabolic reprogramming and metastasis.

| S-EPMC7300268 | biostudies-literature

Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia: The Role of Exosomes.

Project description:The pathogenesis of preeclampsia begins when a fertilized egg infiltrates the decidua, resulting in implantation failure (e.g., due to extravillous trophoblast infiltration disturbance and abnormal spiral artery remodeling). Thereafter, large amounts of serum factors (e.g., soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin) are released into the blood from the hypoplastic placenta, and preeclampsia characterized by multiorgan disorder caused by vascular disorders develops. Successful implantation and placentation require immune tolerance to the fertilized egg as a semi-allograft and the stimulation of extravillous trophoblast infiltration. Recently, exosomes with diameters of 50-100 nm have been recognized to be involved in cell-cell communication. Exosomes affect cell functions in autocrine and paracrine manners via their encapsulating microRNA/DNA and membrane-bound proteins. The microRNA profiles of blood exosomes have been demonstrated to be useful for the evaluation of preeclampsia pathophysiology and prediction of the disease. In addition, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have been found to have cancer-suppressing effects. These exosomes may repair the pathophysiology of preeclampsia through the suppression of extravillous trophoblast apoptosis and promotion of these cells' invasive ability. Exosomes secreted by various cells have received much recent attention and may be involved in the maintenance of pregnancy and pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

| S-EPMC7961527 | biostudies-literature

Metabolic alterations accompanying oncogene-induced senescence.

Project description:Senescence is defined as a stable cell growth arrest. Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) occurs in normal primary human cells after activation of an oncogene in the absence of other cooperating oncogenic stimuli. OIS is therefore considered a bona fide tumor suppression mechanism in vivo. Indeed, overcoming OIS-associated stable cell growth arrest can lead to tumorigenesis. Although cells that have undergone OIS do not replicate their DNA, they remain metabolically active. A number of recent studies report significant changes in cellular metabolism during OIS, including alterations in nucleotide, glucose, and mitochondrial metabolism and autophagy. These alterations may be necessary for stable senescence-associated cell growth arrest, and overcoming these shifts in metabolism may lead to tumorigenesis. This review highlights what is currently known about alterations in cellular metabolism during OIS and the implication of OIS-associated metabolic changes in cellular transformation and the development of cancer therapeutic strategies.

| S-EPMC4904889 | biostudies-other

Dietary protein counting as an alternative way of maintaining metabolic control in phenylketonuria.

Project description:OBJECTIVE:To compare a gram protein exchange system (1g=50-mg Phenylalanine) with a unit exchange system (1unit=15-mg Phenylalanine) and its effect on the blood Phenylalanine (Phe) levels and acceptance in the dietary management for children and adolescents with Phenylketonuria. METHODS:In Phase One, participants were randomised to continue counting Phe unit exchanges (n=8) or changed to counting gram protein exchanges (n=10), using a new diet chart developed in-house. Foods containing less than 20mg Phe per serve were now considered "free." Interim data analysis confirmed no significant deterioration in Phe levels of the study group and the control group was changed to protein counting.In Phase Two, 18 participants were educated to use an updated version of the in-house diet chart - in this version foods containing less than 50mg Phe per serve were considered "free."In both phases, attitudes to PKU and its management were evaluated at baseline and 6months. Phenylalanine and tyrosine levels were measured from filter paper blood spots by tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS:Phase One: Phe levels over 6months were comparable to pre-study levels (mean Phe pre 366?mol/L+/- 169, mean Phe post change=388?mol/L+/- 160).Phase Two: Four participants had a significant improvement in blood Phe levels, nine showed no significant change and one participant's levels were significantly higher. There was incomplete data on four participants. All participants preferred the freer diet chart. CONCLUSION:Protein exchanges (foods containing less than 50mg Phe/serve uncounted) are an alternative method of measuring Phe intake in the dietary management of Phenylketonuria.

| S-EPMC3509851 | biostudies-literature

Simplified Diet for nutrition management of phenylketonuria: A survey of U.S. metabolic dietitians.

Project description:Background:Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder affecting the conversion of phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine. Medical nutrition therapy, consisting of a Phe-restricted diet with medical formula, is the primary treatment for PKU. The Simplified Diet is an approach to PKU nutrition management that allows certain fruits, vegetables, and low-protein foods to be eaten without measuring or tracking, referred to as free/uncounted foods. There is no consensus on how to implement this approach in metabolic centers in the United States (U.S.), and clinical practice varies. Aim:This study describes the clinical experience of metabolic dietitians in U.S.-based metabolic centers related to the use and implementation of the Simplified Diet. Methods:A survey was developed and sent out to metabolic dietitians to query current clinical practices related to the Simplified Diet. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze responses. Results:Sixty-three dietitians managing ?5 patients with PKU in U.S.-based metabolic centers responded to the survey. Ninety-eight percent of survey respondents reported using some version of the Simplified Diet in clinical practice. The survey identified areas of strong agreement, including introduction of the Simplified Diet at 6 to 12?months of age. The survey also identified areas of widespread variability, including specific Phe or protein thresholds for free/uncounted foods, and whether or not to set daily quantity limits on these foods. Conclusions:Significant variability related to implementation of the Simplified Diet exists across U.S.-based metabolic centers. This practice variability may contribute to differences in the patient experience across centers and may indicate a need for development of clinical guidelines.

| S-EPMC7203646 | biostudies-literature

Nutritional and Metabolic Characteristics of UK Adult Phenylketonuria Patients with Varying Dietary Adherence.

Project description:The nutritional and metabolic characteristics of adult phenylketonuria (PKU) patients in the UK with varying dietary adherence is unknown. In other countries, nutritional and metabolic abnormalities have been reported in nonadherent patients compared to adherent counterparts. A pooled analysis of primary baseline data from two UK multi-centre studies was therefore performed to establish whether this is true from a UK perspective. Adult PKU patients who had provided 3-day food records and amino acid blood samples were included and grouped according to dietary adherence (adherent; n = 16 vs. nonadherent; n = 14). Nonadherent patients consumed greater amounts of natural protein compared to adherent patients (61.6 ± 30.7 vs. 18.3 ± 7.7 g/day; q< 0.001). In contrast, the contribution of protein substitutes to total protein intake was lower in nonadherent compared to adherent patients (3.9 ± 9.2 g/day vs. 58.6 ± 10.2 g/day; q < 0.001). Intakes of iron, zinc, vitamin D3, magnesium, calcium, selenium, iodine, vitamin C, vitamin A and copper were significantly lower in nonadherent compared to adherent patients and were below UK Reference Nutrient Intakes. Similarly, intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 and phosphorus were significantly lower in nonadherent compared to adherent patients but met the UK Reference Nutrient Intakes. Phenylalanine concentrations in nonadherent patients were significantly higher than adherent patients (861 ± 348 vs. 464 ± 196 µmol/L; q=0.040) and fell outside of European treatment target ranges. This study shows the nutritional and metabolic consequences of deviation from phenylalanine restriction and intake of PKU protein substitutes in nonadherent adult PKU patients. Collectively, these data further underlie the importance of life-long adherence to the PKU diet.

| S-EPMC6835765 | biostudies-literature

Metabolic Alterations in Inherited Cardiomyopathies.

Project description:The normal function of the heart relies on a series of complex metabolic processes orchestrating the proper generation and use of energy. In this context, mitochondria serve a crucial role as a platform for energy transduction by supplying ATP to the varying demand of cardiomyocytes, involving an intricate network of pathways regulating the metabolic flux of substrates. The failure of these processes results in structural and functional deficiencies of the cardiac muscle, including inherited cardiomyopathies. These genetic diseases are characterized by cardiac structural and functional anomalies in the absence of abnormal conditions that can explain the observed myocardial abnormality, and are frequently associated with heart failure. Since their original description, major advances have been achieved in the genetic and phenotype knowledge, highlighting the involvement of metabolic abnormalities in their pathogenesis. This review provides a brief overview of the role of mitochondria in the energy metabolism in the heart and focuses on metabolic abnormalities, mitochondrial dysfunction, and storage diseases associated with inherited cardiomyopathies.

| S-EPMC6947282 | biostudies-literature

OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

OmicsDI is an Elixir interoperability service. Learn more ›

OmicsDI Databases

PRIDE
PeptideAtlas
MassIVE
JPOST Repository
Physiome Model Repository

EGA
EVA
ENA
LINCS
PAXDB
Cell Collective

MetaboLights
Metabolomics Workbench
MetabolomeExpress
GNPS
BioModels
FAIRDOMHub

ArrayExpress
dbGaP
ExpressionAtlas
GEO
NODE

Information

Databases
Help
API
Contact us
Code on GitHub
Terms of use
Submit Data