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Inter-allelic interactions play a major role in microsatellite evolution.

ABSTRACT: Microsatellite mutations identified in pedigrees confirm that most changes involve the gain or loss of single repeats. However, an unexpected pattern is revealed when the resulting data are plotted on standardized scales that range from the shortest to longest allele at a locus. Both mutation rate and mutation bias reveal a strong dependency on allele length relative to other alleles at the same locus. We show that models in which alleles mutate independently cannot explain these patterns. Instead, both mutation probability and direction appear to involve interactions between homologues in heterozygous individuals. Simple models in which the longer homologue in heterozygotes is more likely to mutate and/or biased towards contraction readily capture the observed trends. The exact model remains unclear in all its details but inter-allelic interactions are a vital component, implying a link between demographic history and the mode and tempo of microsatellite evolution.

SUBMITTER: Amos W

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4650164 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Inter-allelic interactions play a major role in microsatellite evolution.

Amos William W Kosanović Danica D Eriksson Anders A

Proceedings. Biological sciences 20151101 1818

Microsatellite mutations identified in pedigrees confirm that most changes involve the gain or loss of single repeats. However, an unexpected pattern is revealed when the resulting data are plotted on standardized scales that range from the shortest to longest allele at a locus. Both mutation rate and mutation bias reveal a strong dependency on allele length relative to other alleles at the same locus. We show that models in which alleles mutate independently cannot explain these patterns. Inste ...[more]

PMID: 26511050

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Project description:Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key hormone for plant growth, development and stress adaptation. Perception of ABA through four types of receptors has been reported. We show here that impairment of ABA perception through the PYR/PYL/RCAR branch reduces vegetative growth and seed production, and leads to a severely open stomata and dramatic ABA insensitive phenotype, even though other branches for ABA perception remain functional. Arabidopsis sextuple mutant impaired in 6 PYR/PYL receptors, namely PYR1, PYL1, PYL2, PYL4, PYL5 and PYL8, was able to germinate and grow even on 100 mM ABA. Whole-rosette stomatal conductance (Gst) measurements revealed that leaf transpiration in the sextuple pyr/pyl mutant was higher than in the ABA-deficient aba3-1 or ABA-insensitive snrk2.6 mutants. The gradually increasing Gst values of plants lacking three, four, five and six PYR/PYLs indicate quantitative regulation of stomatal aperture by this family of receptors. The sextuple mutant lacked ABA-mediated activation of SnRK2s and ABA-responsive gene expression was dramatically impaired as was reported in snrk2.2/2.3/2.6. In summary, these results show that ABA perception by PYR/PYLs plays a major role to regulate seed germination and establishment, basal ABA signaling required for vegetative and reproductive growth, stomatal aperture and transcriptional response to the hormone. Four biological replicates were generated for the 3 genotypes, pyr1pyl1pyl2pyl4pyl5pyl8 sextuple mutant, snrk2.2/2.3/2.6 triple mutant, and Col-0. All the samples were treated with ABA for 3 hours before harvesting. The four Col-0 samples were mix to create an unique reference Col-0 sample. Two comparasion were made, fisrt one, PYR/PYL sextuple mutant versus Col-0 reference sample and second one, SnRK2 triple mutant versus Col-0 reference sample. In each comparasion four biological replicates were made. Replicas number 1 and 2 were labeled with Cy5 for the mutant sample and Cy3 for the Col-0 reference sample, while the other two replicas,#3 and #4, were reversed-labeled.

Dataset Information

Inter-allelic interactions play a major role in microsatellite evolution.

Publications

Inter-allelic interactions play a major role in microsatellite evolution.

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