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Molecular and Translational Classifications of DAMPs in Immunogenic Cell Death.

ABSTRACT: The immunogenicity of malignant cells has recently been acknowledged as a critical determinant of efficacy in cancer therapy. Thus, besides developing direct immunostimulatory regimens, including dendritic cell-based vaccines, checkpoint-blocking therapies, and adoptive T-cell transfer, researchers have started to focus on the overall immunobiology of neoplastic cells. It is now clear that cancer cells can succumb to some anticancer therapies by undergoing a peculiar form of cell death that is characterized by an increased immunogenic potential, owing to the emission of the so-called "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs). The emission of DAMPs and other immunostimulatory factors by cells succumbing to immunogenic cell death (ICD) favors the establishment of a productive interface with the immune system. This results in the elicitation of tumor-targeting immune responses associated with the elimination of residual, treatment-resistant cancer cells, as well as with the establishment of immunological memory. Although ICD has been characterized with increased precision since its discovery, several questions remain to be addressed. Here, we summarize and tabulate the main molecular, immunological, preclinical, and clinical aspects of ICD, in an attempt to capture the essence of this phenomenon, and identify future challenges for this rapidly expanding field of investigation.

SUBMITTER: Garg AD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4653610 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Molecular and Translational Classifications of DAMPs in Immunogenic Cell Death.

Garg Abhishek D AD Galluzzi Lorenzo L Apetoh Lionel L Baert Thais T Birge Raymond B RB Bravo-San Pedro José Manuel JM Breckpot Karine K Brough David D Chaurio Ricardo R Cirone Mara M Coosemans An A Coulie Pierre G PG De Ruysscher Dirk D Dini Luciana L de Witte Peter P Dudek-Peric Aleksandra M AM Faggioni Alberto A Fucikova Jitka J Gaipl Udo S US Golab Jakub J Gougeon Marie-Lise ML Hamblin Michael R MR Hemminki Akseli A Herrmann Martin M Hodge James W JW Kepp Oliver O Kroemer Guido G Krysko Dmitri V DV Land Walter G WG Madeo Frank F Manfredi Angelo A AA Mattarollo Stephen R SR Maueroder Christian C Merendino Nicolò N Multhoff Gabriele G Pabst Thomas T Ricci Jean-Ehrland JE Riganti Chiara C Romano Erminia E Rufo Nicole N Smyth Mark J MJ Sonnemann Jürgen J Spisek Radek R Stagg John J Vacchelli Erika E Vandenabeele Peter P Vandenberk Lien L Van den Eynde Benoit J BJ Van Gool Stefaan S Velotti Francesca F Zitvogel Laurence L Agostinis Patrizia P

Frontiers in immunology 20151120

The immunogenicity of malignant cells has recently been acknowledged as a critical determinant of efficacy in cancer therapy. Thus, besides developing direct immunostimulatory regimens, including dendritic cell-based vaccines, checkpoint-blocking therapies, and adoptive T-cell transfer, researchers have started to focus on the overall immunobiology of neoplastic cells. It is now clear that cancer cells can succumb to some anticancer therapies by undergoing a peculiar form of cell death that is c ...[more]

PMID: 26635802

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Project description:BackgroundChemotherapeutics can stimulate immune antitumor response by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), which is activated by Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) like the exposure of calreticulin (CRT) on the cell surface, the release of ATP and the secretion of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1).MethodsHere, we investigated the levels of ICD-associated DAMPs induced by chemotherapeutics commonly used in the clinical practice of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the association of these DAMPs with apoptosis and autophagy. A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells were treated with clinically relevant doses of cisplatin, carboplatin, etoposide, paclitaxel and gemcitabine. We assessed ICD-associated DAMPs, cell viability, apoptosis and autophagy in an integrated way.ResultsCisplatin and its combination with etoposide induced the highest levels of apoptosis, while etoposide was the less pro-apoptotic treatment. Cisplatin also induced the highest levels of ICD-associated DAMPs, which was not incremented by co-treatments. Etoposide induced the lower levels of ICD and the highest levels of autophagy, suggesting that the cytoprotective role of autophagy is dominant in relation to its pro-ICD role. High levels of CRT were associated with better prognosis in TCGA databank. In an integrative analysis we found a strong positive correlation between DAMPs and apoptosis, and a negative correlation between cell number and ICD-associated DAMPs as well as between autophagy and apoptosis markers. We also purpose a mathematical integration of ICD-associated DAMPs in an index (IndImunnog) that may represent with greater biological relevance this process. Cisplatin-treated cells showed the highest IndImmunog, while etoposide was the less immunogenic and the more pro-autophagic treatment.ConclusionsCisplatin alone induced the highest levels of ICD-associated DAMPs, so that its combination with immunotherapy may be a promising therapeutic strategy in NSCLC.

Dataset Information

Molecular and Translational Classifications of DAMPs in Immunogenic Cell Death.

Publications

Molecular and Translational Classifications of DAMPs in Immunogenic Cell Death.

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