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Chemopreventive efficacy of raloxifene, bexarotene, and their combination on the progression of chemically induced colon adenomas to adenocarcinomas in rats.

ABSTRACT: Estrogen receptor (ER)-? signaling is associated positively in colon tumor progression, whereas downregulation or loss of function of retinoid X receptor (RXR)-? occurs in colon tumors. The chemopreventive efficacies of the estrogen antagonist raloxifene and the selective RXR agonist bexarotene were tested individually and in combination, during promotion and progression stages of colon tumorigenesis. Colon tumors were induced in male F344 rats with azoxymethane and at early adenoma stage, groups of rats (36 or 45 per group) were fed diets containing raloxifene (1.5 or 3 ppm), bexarotene (50 or 100 ppm), or their low-dose combinations for 40 weeks. Raloxifene or bexarotene alone significantly suppressed colon adenocarcinoma formation in terms of multiplicities (mean ± SE): control, 3.59 ± 0.25; 1.5 ppm raloxifene, 2.51 ± 0.29 (P < 0.004); 3 ppm raloxifene, 2.14 ± 0.28 (P < 0.0001); 50 ppm bexarotene, 2.25 ± 0.32 (P < 0.001); 100 ppm bexarotene, 2.1 ± 0.27 (P < 0.0001); and 1.5 ppm raloxifene + 50 ppm bexarotene, 1.57 ± 0.21 (P < 0.0001). The low-dose combination caused significant (56%) inhibition of adenocarcinomas as compared with control diet fed rats. Tumors exposed to raloxifene, bexarotene and/or the combination showed significant suppression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D1, and ?-catenin with an increased apoptotic cells (3-fold) and p21 expression (3.8-fold) as compared tumors of rats fed control diet. The combination of low doses of raloxifene and bexarotene significantly suppressed the progression of colonic adenomas to adenocarcinomas and may be useful for colon cancer prevention and/or treatment in high-risk individuals.

SUBMITTER: Janakiram NB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4655595 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Chemopreventive efficacy of raloxifene, bexarotene, and their combination on the progression of chemically induced colon adenomas to adenocarcinomas in rats.

Janakiram Naveena B NB Mohammed Altaf A Zhang Yuting Y Brewer Misty M Bryant Taylor T Lightfoot Stan S Steele Vernon E VE Rao Chinthalapally V CV

Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) 20130930 12

Estrogen receptor (ER)-β signaling is associated positively in colon tumor progression, whereas downregulation or loss of function of retinoid X receptor (RXR)-α occurs in colon tumors. The chemopreventive efficacies of the estrogen antagonist raloxifene and the selective RXR agonist bexarotene were tested individually and in combination, during promotion and progression stages of colon tumorigenesis. Colon tumors were induced in male F344 rats with azoxymethane and at early adenoma stage, group ...[more]

PMID: 24080207

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Project description:Background:The methylation of the CpG islands of the LINE-1 promoter is a tight control mechanism on the function of mobile elements. However, simultaneous quantification of promoter methylation and transcription of LINE-1 has not been performed in progressive stages of colorectal cancer. In addition, the insertion of mobile elements in the genome of advanced adenoma stage, a precancerous stage before colorectal carcinoma has not been emphasized. In this study, we quantify promoter methylation and transcripts of LINE-1 in three stages of colorectal non-advanced adenoma, advanced adenoma, and adenocarcinoma. In addition, we analyze the insertion of LINE-1, Alu, and SVA elements in the genome of patient tumors with colorectal advanced adenomas. Methods:LINE-1 hypomethylation status was evaluated by absolute quantitative analysis of methylated alleles (AQAMA) assay. To quantify the level of transcripts for LINE-1, quantitative RT-PCR was performed. To find mobile element insertions, the advanced adenoma tissue samples were subjected to whole genome sequencing and MELT analysis. Results:We found that the LINE-1 promoter methylation in advanced adenoma and adenocarcinoma was significantly lower than that in non-advanced adenomas. Accordingly, the copy number of LINE-1 transcripts in advanced adenoma was significantly higher than that in non-advanced adenomas, and in adenocarcinomas was significantly higher than that in the advanced adenomas. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of colorectal advanced adenomas revealed that at this stage polymorphic insertions of LINE-1, Alu, and SVA comprise approximately 16%, 51%, and 74% of total insertions, respectively. Conclusions:Our correlative analysis showing a decreased methylation of LINE-1 promoter accompanied by the higher level of LINE-1 transcription, and polymorphic genomic insertions in advanced adenoma, suggests that the early and advanced polyp stages may host very important pathogenic processes concluding to cancer.

Dataset Information

Chemopreventive efficacy of raloxifene, bexarotene, and their combination on the progression of chemically induced colon adenomas to adenocarcinomas in rats.

Publications

Chemopreventive efficacy of raloxifene, bexarotene, and their combination on the progression of chemically induced colon adenomas to adenocarcinomas in rats.

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