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Does incentive-elicited nucleus accumbens activation differ by substance of abuse? An examination with adolescents.

ABSTRACT: Numerous questions surround the nature of reward processing in the developing adolescent brain, particularly in regard to polysubstance use. We therefore sought to examine incentive-elicited brain activation in the context of three common substances of abuse (cannabis, tobacco, and alcohol). Due to the role of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in incentive processing, we compared activation in this region during anticipation of reward and loss using a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. Adolescents (ages 14-18; 66% male) were matched on age, gender, and frequency of use of any common substances within six distinct groups: cannabis-only (n=14), tobacco-only (n=34), alcohol-only (n=12), cannabis+tobacco (n=17), cannabis+tobacco+alcohol (n=17), and non-using controls (n=38). All groups showed comparable behavioral performance on the MID task. The tobacco-only group showed decreased bilateral nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation during reward anticipation as compared to the alcohol-only group, the control group, and both polysubstance groups. Interestingly, no differences emerged between the cannabis-only group and any of the other groups. Results from this study suggest that youth who tend toward single-substance tobacco use may possess behavioral and/or neurobiological characteristics that differentiate them from both their substance-using and non-substance-using peers.

SUBMITTER: Karoly HC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4657439 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Does incentive-elicited nucleus accumbens activation differ by substance of abuse? An examination with adolescents.

Karoly Hollis C HC Bryan Angela D AD Weiland Barbara J BJ Mayer Andrew A Dodd Andrew A Feldstein Ewing Sarah W SW

Developmental cognitive neuroscience 20150523

Numerous questions surround the nature of reward processing in the developing adolescent brain, particularly in regard to polysubstance use. We therefore sought to examine incentive-elicited brain activation in the context of three common substances of abuse (cannabis, tobacco, and alcohol). Due to the role of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in incentive processing, we compared activation in this region during anticipation of reward and loss using a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. Adolescents ...[more]

PMID: 26070843

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Opponent-process theories of externalizing disorders (ExD) attribute them to some combination of overactive reward processing systems and/or underactive behavior inhibition systems. Reward processing has been indexed by recruitment of incentive-motivational neurocircuitry of the ventral striatum (VS), including nucleus accumbens (NAcc). METHODS:We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with an incentive task to determine whether externalizing symptomatology in adolescence is correlated with an enhanced VS recruitment by cues for rewards, or by deliveries of rewards. Twelve community-recruited adolescents with externalizing disorders (AED) and 12 age/gender-matched controls responded to targets to win or avoid losing $0, $0.20, $1, $5, or an unknown amount (ranging from $0.20 to $5). RESULTS:Cues to respond for rewards activated the NAcc (relative to cues for no incentive), in both subject groups similarly, with greatest NAcc recruitment by cues for the largest reward. Loss-anticipatory NAcc signal increase was detected in a volume-of-interest analysis - but this increase occurred only in trials when subjects hit the target. Relative to controls, AED showed significantly elevated NAcc activation by a linear contrast between reward notification versus notification of failure to win reward. In a post hoc reanalysis, VS and pregenual anterior cingulate activation by the reward versus non-reward outcome contrast also directly correlated with Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Externalizing total scores (across all subjects) in lieu of a binary diagnosis. Finally, both groups showed right insula activation by loss notifications (contrasted with avoided losses). CONCLUSIONS:Externalizing behavior, whether assessed dimensionally with a questionnaire, or in the form of a diagnostic categorization, is associated with an exaggerated limbic response to outcomes of reward-directed behavior. This could be a neurobiological signature of the behavioral sensitivity to laboratory reward delivery that is characteristic of children with externalizing symptomatology. Of interest is future research on incentive-motivational processing in more severe, clinically referred AED.

Project description:Background: The incidence of alcohol and tobacco co-abuse is as high as 80%. The molecular mechanism underlying this comorbidity is virtually unknown but interactions between these drugs have important implications for the development of, and recovery from drug dependence. Methods: We investigated the effects of chronic tobacco and alcohol abuse and the interaction of the two behaviours on global gene expression in the human nucleus accumbens using cDNA microarrays and 20 alcoholic and control cases, with and without smoking comorbidity. Changes in gene expression were established by two-way ANOVA. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering was utilized to probe the strength of the data sets. Results: Subjecting the data sets derived from microarray gene expression screening to unsupervised hierarchical clustering tied the cases into distinct groups. When considering all alcohol-responsive genes, alcoholics were separated from non alcoholics with the exception of one control case. All smokers were distinguished from non smokers based on similarity in expression of smoking-sensitive genes. In the nucleus accumbens, alcohol-responsive genes were associated with transcription, lipid metabolism and signalling. Smoking-sensitive genes were predominantly assigned to functional groups concerned with RNA processing and the endoplasmic reticulum. Both drugs influenced the expression of genes involved in matrix remodelling, proliferation and cell morphogenesis. Additionally, a gene set encoding proteins involved in the canonical pathway ‘regulation of the actin cytoskeleton’ was induced in response to alcohol and tobacco co-abuse and included. Conclusions: The region-specific modulation of alcohol-sensitive gene expression by smoking may have important consequences for alcohol-induced aberrations within the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. The data set contained individual RNA samples extracted from the nucleus accumbens from 5 non smoking non drinking control case, 5 non smoking alcoholics, 5 non drinking smokers, and 5 smoking alcoholics. An aliquot if each sample was combined to generate a reference pool. Each sample was amplified individually and labelled with Cy3 in the process, the reference samples was amplified and labelled with Cy5. Each sample was hybridised competitively against the reference sample to 1 array.

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Does incentive-elicited nucleus accumbens activation differ by substance of abuse? An examination with adolescents.

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Does incentive-elicited nucleus accumbens activation differ by substance of abuse? An examination with adolescents.

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