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Asymmetrical nature of the Trollius-Chiastocheta interaction: insights into the evolution of nursery pollination systems.

ABSTRACT: The mutualistic versus antagonistic nature of an interaction is defined by costs and benefits of each partner, which may vary depending on the environment. Contrasting with this dynamic view, several pollination interactions are considered as strictly obligate and mutualistic. Here, we focus on the interaction between Trollius europaeus and Chiastocheta flies, considered as a specialized and obligate nursery pollination system - the flies are thought to be exclusive pollinators of the plant and their larvae develop only in T. europaeus fruits. In this system, features such as the globelike flower shape are claimed to have evolved in a coevolutionary context. We examine the specificity of this pollination system and measure traits related to offspring fitness in isolated T. europaeus populations, in some of which Chiastocheta flies have gone extinct. We hypothesize that if this interaction is specific and obligate, the plant should experience dramatic drop in its relative fitness in the absence of Chiastocheta. Contrasting with this hypothesis, T. europaeus populations without flies demonstrate a similar relative fitness to those with the flies present, contradicting the putative obligatory nature of this pollination system. It also agrees with our observation that many other insects also visit and carry pollen among T. europaeus flowers. We propose that the interaction could have evolved through maximization of by-product benefits of the Chiastocheta visits, through the male flower function, and selection on floral traits by the most effective pollinator. We argue this mechanism is also central in the evolution of other nursery pollination systems.

SUBMITTER: Suchan T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4662325 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Asymmetrical nature of the Trollius-Chiastocheta interaction: insights into the evolution of nursery pollination systems.

Suchan Tomasz T Beauverd Mélanie M Trim Naïké N Alvarez Nadir N

Ecology and evolution 20151008 21

The mutualistic versus antagonistic nature of an interaction is defined by costs and benefits of each partner, which may vary depending on the environment. Contrasting with this dynamic view, several pollination interactions are considered as strictly obligate and mutualistic. Here, we focus on the interaction between Trollius europaeus and Chiastocheta flies, considered as a specialized and obligate nursery pollination system - the flies are thought to be exclusive pollinators of the plant and ...[more]

PMID: 26640658

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Project description:Background and aimsLarge clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions.MethodsThe database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated.Key resultsMost Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented.ConclusionsWithin Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades.

Project description:The biomedical consequences of space radiation pose a significant concern for astronauts engaged in deep space. However, the effects of long-term low dose-rate exposures in space environments remain elusive. In this study, we simulated the space radiation environment by exposing human bronchial epithelial cells to low dose-rate (0.0067 Gy/day) α-particles, and continuously irradiated them multiple times to achieve cumulative total doses of 0.2 Gy, 0.4 Gy, and 0.5 Gy, respectively. At the same time, the cells were irradiated with the same total dose in a single exposure to investigate the potential of low dose-rate alpha particles to induce malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells. A comprehensive suite of assays was employed to assess tumorigenic potential, including tumor formation in NOD/SCID mice, immunohistochemistry, CCK-8 proliferation assay, invasion assay, and the evaluation of multicellular spheroid formation during subsequent passages post-irradiation. Moreover, we dissected differential malignant mechanisms in tumor evolution ecosystem induced by the two distinct irradiation modes from systems biology views based on scRNA-seq technology. Our results showed that exposure to α-particles, whether through a single acute exposure or long-term low dose-rate exposures, induced the occurrence and development of tumors. Long-term low dose-rate exposures to α-particles increase the malignancy of induced tumors, but not the risk of carcinogenesis, compared to a single acute exposure with the same total dose. In addition, through scRNA-seq, we found that long-term low dose-rate exposures triggered more copy number variation (CNV) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) events, and the activation of DNA damage repair pathways occurred significantly later than with a single acute exposure and involved more specific changes in cellular communication dynamics. In conclusion, our findings provide emerging yet convincing evidence that not only sheds light on why cells exposed to long-term low dose-rate exposures exhibit heightened malignancy, but also offers valuable insights into the genetic determinants driving tumor evolution and heterogeneity.

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Asymmetrical nature of the Trollius-Chiastocheta interaction: insights into the evolution of nursery pollination systems.

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Asymmetrical nature of the Trollius-Chiastocheta interaction: insights into the evolution of nursery pollination systems.

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