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Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for 12 Weeks Increases Resting and Exercise Metabolic Rate in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Females.

ABSTRACT: Critical among the changes that occur with aging are decreases in muscle mass and metabolic rate and an increase in fat mass. These changes may predispose older adults to chronic disease and functional impairment; ultimately resulting in a decrease in the quality of life. Research has suggested that long chain omega-3 fatty acids, found predominantly in fatty fish, may assist in reducing these changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fish oil (FO) supplementation in a cohort of healthy, community-dwelling older females on 1) metabolic rate and substrate oxidation at rest and during exercise; 2) resting blood pressure and resting and exercise heart rates; 3) body composition; 4) strength and physical function, and; 5) blood measures of insulin, glucose, c-reactive protein, and triglycerides. Twenty-four females (66 ± 1 yr) were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either 3g/d of EPA and DHA or a placebo (PL, olive oil) for 12 wk. Exercise measurements were taken before and after 12 wk of supplementation and resting metabolic measures were made before and at 6 and 12 wk of supplementation. The results demonstrated that FO supplementation significantly increased resting metabolic rate by 14%, energy expenditure during exercise by 10%, and the rate of fat oxidation during rest by 19% and during exercise by 27%. In addition, FO consumption lowered triglyceride levels by 29% and increased lean mass by 4% and functional capacity by 7%, while no changes occurred in the PL group. In conclusion, FO may be a strategy to improve age-related physical and metabolic changes in healthy older females. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01734538.

SUBMITTER: Logan SL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4682991 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for 12 Weeks Increases Resting and Exercise Metabolic Rate in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Females.

Logan Samantha L SL Spriet Lawrence L LL

PloS one 20151217 12

Critical among the changes that occur with aging are decreases in muscle mass and metabolic rate and an increase in fat mass. These changes may predispose older adults to chronic disease and functional impairment; ultimately resulting in a decrease in the quality of life. Research has suggested that long chain omega-3 fatty acids, found predominantly in fatty fish, may assist in reducing these changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fish oil (FO) supplementation in a c ...[more]

PMID: 26679702

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Project description:Introduction: Amino acid transporters are essential for cellular amino acid transport and promoting protein synthesis. While previous literature has demonstrated the association of amino acid transporters and protein synthesis following acute resistance exercise and amino acid supplementation, the chronic effect of resistance exercise and supplementation on amino acid transporters is unknown. The purpose herein was to determine if amino acid transporters and amino acid metabolic enzymes were related to skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance exercise training with different nutritional supplementation strategies. Methods: 43 college-aged males were separated into a maltodextrin placebo (PLA, n = 12), leucine (LEU, n = 14), or whey protein concentrate (WPC, n = 17) group and underwent 12 weeks of total-body resistance exercise training. Each group's supplement was standardized for total energy and fat, and LEU and WPC supplements were standardized for total leucine (6 g/d). Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained prior to training and ~72 h following each subject's last training session. Results: All groups increased type I and II fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) following training (p < 0.050). LAT1 protein increased following training (p < 0.001) and increased more in PLA than LEU and WPC (p < 0.050). BCKDHα protein increased and ATF4 protein decreased following training (p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry indicated total LAT1/fiber, but not membrane LAT1/fiber, increased with training (p = 0.003). Utilizing all groups, the change in ATF4 protein, but no other marker, trended to correlate with the change in fCSA (r = 0.314; p = 0.055); however, when regression analysis was used to delineate groups, the change in ATF4 protein best predicted the change in fCSA only in LEU (r 2 = 0.322; p = 0.043). In C2C12 myoblasts, LAT1 protein overexpression caused a paradoxical decrease in protein synthesis levels (p = 0.002) and decrease in BCKDHα protein (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Amino acid transporters and metabolic enzymes are affected by resistance exercise training, but do not appear to dictate muscle fiber hypertrophy. In fact, overexpression of LAT1 in vitro decreased protein synthesis.

Project description:AimObserved effects of exercise are highly variable between individuals, and subject-by-training interaction (i.e., individual response variability) is often not estimated. Here, we measured mitochondrial (citrate synthetase, cytochrome-c oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial copy-number), performance markers (Wpeak , lactate threshold [LT], and VO2peak ), and fiber type proportions/expression (type I, type IIa, and type IIx) in multiple time points during 12-week of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to investigate effects of exercise at the individual level.MethodsSixteen young (age: 33.1 ± 9.0 years), healthy men (VO2peak 35-60 ml/min/kg and BMI: 26.4 ± 4.2) from the Gene SMART study completed 12-week of progressive HIIT. Performance markers and muscle biopsies were collected every 4 weeks. We used mixed-models and bivariate growth models to quantify individual response and to estimate correlations between variables.ResultsAll performance markers exhibited significant (Wpeak 0.56 ± 0.33 p = 0.003, LT 0.37 ± 0.35 p = 0.007, VO2peak 3.81 ± 6.13 p = 0.02) increases overtime, with subject-by-training interaction being present (95% CI: Wpeak 0.09-0.24, LT 0.06-0.18, VO2peak 0.27-2.32). All other measurements did not exhibit significant changes. Fiber type IIa proportions at baseline was significantly associated with all physiological variables (p < 0.05), and citrate synthetase and cytochrome-c oxidase levels at baseline and overtime (i.e., intercept and slope) presented significant covariance (p < 0.05). Finally, low correlations between performance and mitochondrial markers were observed.ConclusionWe identified a significant subject-by-training interaction for the performance markers. While for all other measures within-subject variability was too large and interindividual differences in training efficacy could not be verified. Changes in measurements in response to exercise were not correlated, and such disconnection should be further investigated by future studies.

Project description:Abstract Objectives We determined if multivitamin supplementation (MV) affected serum folate levels in women during a 12-week intervention, and if genotypes affected these outcomes. Methods Women (21–40 years old) were recruited from the local community. PRE testing occurred between 0600–0900 AM 5 ± 2 days following each participants’ last menstrual cycle, and involved a buccal cell collection and a fasted blood draw. Participants were then randomly assigned in a double-blinded fashion to the MV group (n = 43) or placebo group (n = 51). MV (per 2 beadlets-in-capsule serving) contained 50 mcg vitamin D3, 6.7 mg alpha tocopherol of vitamin E as mixed tocopherols, 90 μg vitamin K2 MK7, 600 μg 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 8 μg B12, 8 mg iron, 50 mg magnesium, 1 mg boron, and 320 mg omega-3 fatty acids. The placebo capsules contained safflower oil and cellulose. Participants consumed two capsules per day with breakfast for 12 weeks. Following the intervention, participants reported to the laboratory for POST testing. Serum folate analyses were performed at a hematology laboratory (East Alabama Medical Center, Opelika, AL, USA). SNPs related to folate metabolism (MTHFR rs1801133, MTHFR rs1801131, MTHFR rs2274976, MTRR rs1801394) were interrogated using the Axiom PMDA.r6 array (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Results A group × time interaction was observed for serum folate levels and dietary folate intake (P < 0.001). MV supplementation increased serum folate levels from PRE to POST (P < 0.001), whereas no change occurred in the placebo group (P = 0.345). MV supplementation also increased the PRE to POST intakes of folate (P < 0.001), whereas these values were not affected in the placebo group (P = 0.576). MV supplementation increased serum folate levels regardless of MTHFR genotype. The MTRR rs1801394 genotype showed a genotype x time interaction (P = 0.049); specifically, folate levels increased in the AG and AA genotypes (P < 0.05), but not the GG genotype (P = 0.080). Conclusions MV supplementation increases serum folate levels. While the interrogated MTRR genotype may play a role regarding the efficacy of MV supplementation, these data are preliminary given the limited n-size. Funding Sources Funding was provided to MDR, RRA, and KCY by Ritual, Inc. Support was also provided by The GHT Companies, and Kappa BioSciences.

Project description:Introduction: Exercise and consumption of dairy foods have been shown to improve bone mineralization. However, little is known about the magnitude and timing of their synergistic effects on markers and regulators of bone metabolism in response to acute exercise in adolescent females with obesity, a population susceptible to altered bone metabolism and mineral properties. This study examined the influence of twelve weeks of exercise training and nutritional counselling on the bone biochemical marker response to acute exercise and whether higher dairy consumption could further influence the response. Methods: Thirty adolescent females (14.3 ± 2.0 years) with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) completed a 12-week lifestyle modification intervention involving exercise training and nutritional counselling. Participants were randomized into two groups: higher dairy intake (RDa; 4 servings/day; n = 14) or low dairy intake (LDa; 0-2 servings/d; n = 16). Participants performed one bout of plyometric exercise (5 circuits; 120 jumps) both pre- and post-intervention. Blood samples were taken at rest, 5 min and 1 h post-exercise. Serum sclerostin, osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (βCTX) concentrations were measured. Results: While there was an overall increase in sclerostin pre-intervention from pre to 5 min post-exercise (+11% p = 0.04), this response was significantly decreased post-intervention (-25%, p = 0.03) independent of dairy intake. The OPG:RANKL ratio was unresponsive to acute exercise pre-intervention but increased 1 h post-exercise (+2.6 AU; p < 0.001) post-intervention. Dairy intake did not further influence these absolute responses. However, after the 12-week intervention, the RDa group showed a decrease in the relative RANKL post-exercise response (-21.9%; p < 0.01), leading to a consistent increase in the relative OPG:RANKL ratio response, which was not the case in the LDa group. There was no influence of the intervention or dairy product intake on OC, OPG, or βCTX responses to acute exercise (p > 0.05). Conclusion: A lifestyle modification intervention involving exercise training blunts the increase in sclerostin and can augment the increase in OPG:RANKL ratio to acute exercise in adolescent females with OW/OB, while dairy product consumption did not further influence these responses.

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Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for 12 Weeks Increases Resting and Exercise Metabolic Rate in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Females.

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Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for 12 Weeks Increases Resting and Exercise Metabolic Rate in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Females.

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