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The zebrafish galectins Drgal1-L2 and Drgal3-L1 bind in vitro to the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) glycoprotein and reduce viral adhesion to fish epithelial cells.

ABSTRACT: The infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV; Rhabdoviridae, Novirhabdovirus) infects teleost fish, such as salmon and trout, and is responsible for significant losses in the aquaculture industry and in wild fish populations. Although IHNV enters the host through the skin at the base of the fins, the viral adhesion and entry mechanisms are not fully understood. In recent years, evidence has accumulated in support of the key roles played by protein-carbohydrate interactions between host lectins secreted to the extracellular space and virion envelope glycoproteins in modulating viral adhesion and infectivity. In this study, we assessed in vitro the potential role(s) of zebrafish (Danio rerio) proto type galectin-1 (Drgal1-L2) and a chimera galectin-3 (Drgal3-L1) in IHNV adhesion to epithelial cells. Our results suggest that the extracellular Drgal1-L2 and Drgal3-L1 interact directly and in a carbohydrate-dependent manner with the IHNV glycosylated envelope and glycans on the epithelial cell surface, significantly reducing viral adhesion.

SUBMITTER: Nita-Lazar M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4684960 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The zebrafish galectins Drgal1-L2 and Drgal3-L1 bind in vitro to the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) glycoprotein and reduce viral adhesion to fish epithelial cells.

Nita-Lazar Mihai M Mancini Justin J Feng Chiguang C González-Montalbán Núria N Ravindran Chinnarajan C Jackson Shawn S de Las Heras-Sánchez Ana A Giomarelli Barbara B Ahmed Hafiz H Haslam Stuart M SM Wu Gang G Dell Anne A Ammayappan Arun A Vakharia Vikram N VN Vasta Gerardo R GR

Developmental and comparative immunology 20150930

The infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV; Rhabdoviridae, Novirhabdovirus) infects teleost fish, such as salmon and trout, and is responsible for significant losses in the aquaculture industry and in wild fish populations. Although IHNV enters the host through the skin at the base of the fins, the viral adhesion and entry mechanisms are not fully understood. In recent years, evidence has accumulated in support of the key roles played by protein-carbohydrate interactions between host lect ...[more]

PMID: 26429411

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Project description:BackgroundInfectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the type species of the genus Novirhabdovirus, within the family Rhabdoviridae, infecting several species of wild and hatchery reared salmonids. Similar to other rhabdoviruses, IHNV has a linear single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome of approximately 11,000 nucleotides. The IHNV genome encodes six genes; the nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, glycoprotein, non-virion protein and polymerase protein genes, respectively. This study describes molecular characterization of the virulent IHNV strain 220-90, belonging to the M genogroup, and its phylogenetic relationships with available sequences of IHNV isolates worldwide.ResultsThe complete genomic sequence of IHNV strain 220-90 was determined from the DNA of six overlapping clones obtained by RT-PCR amplification of genomic RNA. The complete genome sequence of 220-90 comprises 11,133 nucleotides (GenBank GQ413939) with the gene order of 3'-N-P-M-G-NV-L-5'. These genes are separated by conserved gene junctions, with di-nucleotide gene spacers. An additional uracil nucleotide was found at the end of the 5'-trailer region, which was not reported before in other IHNV strains. The first 15 of the 16 nucleotides at the 3'- and 5'-termini of the genome are complementary, and the first 4 nucleotides at 3'-ends of the IHNV are identical to other novirhadoviruses. Sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis of the glycoprotein genes show that 220-90 strain is 97% identical to most of the IHNV strains. Comparison of the virulent 220-90 genomic sequences with less virulent WRAC isolate shows more than 300 nucleotides changes in the genome, which doesn't allow one to speculate putative residues involved in the virulence of IHNV.ConclusionWe have molecularly characterized one of the well studied IHNV isolates, 220-90 of genogroup M, which is virulent for rainbow trout, and compared phylogenetic relationship with North American and other strains. Determination of the complete nucleotide sequence is essential for future studies on pathogenesis of IHNV using a reverse genetics approach and developing efficient control strategies.

Project description:Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent of IHN triggering a systemic syndrome in salmonid fish. Although IHNV has always been associated with low levels of mortality in Italian trout farming industries, in the last years trout farmers have experienced severe disease outbreaks. However, the observed increasing virulence of IHNV is still based on empirical evidence due to the poor and often confounding information from the field. Virulence characterization of a selection of sixteen Italian isolates was performed through in vivo challenge of juvenile rainbow trout to confirm field evidence. The virulence of each strain was firstly described in terms of cumulative mortality and survival probability estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves. Furthermore, parametric survival models were applied to analyze the mortality rate profiles. Hence, it was possible to characterize the strain-specific mortality peaks and to relate their topology to virulence and mortality. Indeed, a positive correlation between maximum mortality probability and virulence was observed for all the strains. Results also indicate that more virulent is the strain, the earliest and narrowest is the mortality peak. Additionally, intra-host viral quantification determined in dead animals showed a significant correlation between viral replication and virulence. Whole-genome phylogeny conducted to determine whether there was a relation between virulence phenotype and IHNV genetics evidenced no clear clustering according to phenotype. Moreover, a root-to-tip analysis based on genetic distances and sampling date of Italian IHNV isolates highlighted a relevant temporal signal indicating an evolving nature of the virus, over time, with the more virulent strains being the more recent ones. This study provides the first systematic characterization of Italian IHNV's virulence. Overall results confirm field data and point out an abrupt increase in IHNV virulence, with strains from 2015-2019 showing moderate to high virulence in rainbow trout. Further investigations are needed in order to extensively clarify the relation between evolution and virulence of IHNV and investigate the genetic determinants of virulence of this viral species in rainbow trout.

Project description:BackgroundSockeye Salmon are an iconic species widely distributed throughout the North Pacific. A devastating pathogen of Sockeye Salmon is infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV, genus Novirhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae). It has been postulated that IHNV is maintained in salmon populations by persisting over the life of its host and/or by residing in natural reservoirs other than its susceptible hosts. Herein we demonstrate the presence of IHNV in the brain of Sockeye Salmon that survived an experimentally-induced outbreak, suggesting the presence of viral persistence in this susceptible species. To understand the viral persistent state in Sockeye Salmon we profiled the transcriptome to evaluate the host response in asymptomatic carriers and to determine what effects (if any) IHNV exposure may have on subsequent virus challenges.ResultsA laboratory disease model to simulate a natural IHNV outbreak in Sockeye Salmon resulted in over a third of the population incurring acute IHN disease and mortality during the first four months after initial exposure. Nine months post IHNV exposure, despite the absence of disease and mortality, a small percentage (<4 %) of the surviving population contained IHNV in brain. Transcriptome analysis in brain of asymptomatic virus carriers and survivors without virus exhibited distinct transcriptional profiles in comparison to naïve fish. Characteristic for carriers was the up-regulation of genes involved in antibody production and antigen presentation. In both carriers and survivors a down-regulation of genes related to cholesterol biosynthesis, resembling an antiviral mechanism observed in higher vertebrates was revealed along with differences in nervous system development. Moreover, following challenge with poly(I:C), survivors and carriers displayed an elevated antiviral immune response in comparison to naïve fish.ConclusionsIHN virus persistence was identified in Sockeye Salmon where it elicited a unique brain transcriptome profile suggesting an ongoing adaptive immune response. IHNV carriers remained uncompromised in mounting efficient innate antiviral responses when exposed to a viral mimic. The capacity of IHNV to reside in asymptomatic hosts supports a virus carrier hypothesis and if proven infectious, could have significant epidemiological consequences towards maintaining and spreading IHNV among susceptible host populations.

Dataset Information

The zebrafish galectins Drgal1-L2 and Drgal3-L1 bind in vitro to the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) glycoprotein and reduce viral adhesion to fish epithelial cells.

Publications

The zebrafish galectins Drgal1-L2 and Drgal3-L1 bind in vitro to the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) glycoprotein and reduce viral adhesion to fish epithelial cells.

Similar Datasets

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