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Spiral and Rotor Patterns Produced by Fairy Ring Fungi.

ABSTRACT: A broad class of soil fungi form the annular patterns known as 'fairy rings' and provide one of the only means to observe spatio-temporal dynamics of otherwise cryptic fungal growth processes in natural environments. We present observations of novel spiral and rotor patterns produced by fairy ring fungi and explain these behaviors mathematically by first showing that a well known model of fairy ring fungal growth and the Gray-Scott reaction-diffusion model are mathematically equivalent. We then use bifurcation analysis and numerical simulations to identify the conditions under which spiral waves and rotors can arise. We demonstrate that the region of dimensionless parameter space supporting these more complex dynamics is adjacent to that which produces the more familiar fairy rings, and identify experimental manipulations to test the transitions between these spatial modes. These same manipulations could also feasibly induce fungal colonies to transition from rotor/spiral formation to a set of richer, as yet unobserved, spatial patterns.

SUBMITTER: Karst N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4774996 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Soil Chemical Properties, Metabolome, and Metabarcoding Give the New Insights into the Soil Transforming Process of Fairy Ring Fungi <i>Leucocalocybe mongolica</i>.

Project description:A unique ecological landscape distributed in the Mongolian Plateau, called fairy rings, caused by the growth of the fungus Leucocalocybe mongolica (LM) in the soil could promote plant growth without fertilization. Therefore, this landscape can alleviate fertilizer use and has excellent value for agricultural production. The previous studies only investigated several parameters of the fairy rings, such as soil microbial diversity and some soil chemical properties, thus conclusions based on the studies on fairy rings lack comprehension. Therefore, the present study systematically investigated the chemical properties, metabolome, and metabarcoding of LM-transformed soil. We analyzed fairy ring soils from DARK (FR) and OUT (CK) zone correlated growth promotion with ten soil chemical properties, including N, nitrate-N, inorganic-P, cellulose, available boron, available sulfur, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, which were identified as important markers to screen fairy ring landscapes. Metabolomics showed that the accumulation of 17 carbohydrate-dominated metabolites was closely associated with plant growth promotion. Finally, metabarcoding detected fungi as the main components affecting soil conversion. Among the various fungi at the family level, Lasiosphaeriaceae, unidentified_Auriculariales_sp, and Herpotrichiellaceae were markers to screen fairy ring. Our study is novel and systematically reveals the fairy ring soil ecology and lists the key factors promoting plant growth. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for developing the fairy ring landscape in an agricultural system.

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Assembly of Spinach Chloroplast ATP Synthase Rotor Ring Protein-Lipid Complex.

Project description:Rotor ATPases are large multisubunit membrane protein complexes found in all kingdoms of life. The membrane parts of these ATPases include a ring-like assembly, so-called c-ring, consisting of several subunits c, plugged by a patch of phospholipids. In this report, we use a nature-inspired approach to model the assembly of the spinach (Spinacia oleracea) c14 ring protein-lipid complex, where partially assembled oligomers are pulled toward each other using a biasing potential. The resulting assemblies contain 23 to 26 encapsulated plug lipids, general position of which corresponds well to experimental maps. However, best fit to experimental data is achieved with 15 to 17 lipids inside the c-ring. In all of the simulations, the lipids from one leaflet (loop side of the c subunit) are ordered and static, whereas the lipids from the other leaflet are disordered and dynamic. Spontaneous permeation of water molecules toward Glu61 at the active site is also observed. The presented assembly approach is expected to be generalizable to other protein complexes with encapsulated lipid patches.

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Process based modelling of plants-fungus interactions explains fairy ring types and dynamics.

Project description:Many mushroom-forming fungi can develop circular colonies affecting the vegetation in a phenomenon named fairy rings. Since the nineteenth century, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain how fairy ring fungi form ring-like shapes instead of disks and why they produce negative or positive effects on the surrounding vegetation. In this context, we present a novel process-based mathematical model aimed at reproducing the mycelial spatial configuration of fairy rings and test different literature-supported hypotheses explaining the suppressive and stimulating effects of fungi on plants. Simulations successfully reproduced the shape of fairy rings through the accumulation of fungal self-inhibitory compounds. Moreover, regarding the negative effects of fungi on vegetation, results suggest that fungal-induced soil hydrophobicity is sufficient to reproduce all observed types of fairy rings, while the potential production of phytotoxins is not. In relation to the positive effects of fungi on plants, results show that the release of phytostimulants is needed to reproduce the vegetation patterns associated to some fairy ring types. Model outputs can guide future experiments and field work to corroborate the considered hypotheses and provide more information for further model improvements.

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Soil Microbes Drive the Flourishing Growth of Plants From <i>Leucocalocybe mongolica</i> Fairy Ring.

Project description:Fairy ring is a natural phenomenon in which fungal fruiting bodies occur as a ring on a spot. This ring is produced due to spore ejection by Basidiomycetous fungi and forms a lush growing plant belt. However, the drivers for such formations and the potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in fairy ring soils remain unknown. Fairy rings formed by Leucocalocybe mongolica were selected in this study. Soil characteristics and microbial (bacteria and fungi) community structures between beneath and outside the fairy rings were compared through high-throughput sequencing. Beneficial bacterial resources were excavated using dependent culturable methods. Soil electrical conductivity and available potassium were higher in the soil beneath the ring than outside it. These parameters were positively correlated with the dominant microbial community, but microbial diversity was lower. In the soil beneath the fairy ring, Bacteroidetes and Basidiomycota were more abundant, whereas Verrucomicrobia was less prevalent. Bacillus pumilus (strain BG-5) was isolated from the soil beneath the ring. Strain BG-5 can solubilize phosphorus and produce indole-3-acetic acid, NH4 +, and siderophores. Furthermore, strain BG-5 enhanced salt tolerance and promoted the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana, wheat (Triticum aestivum), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seedlings. This study indicated the presence of abundant beneficial microbes driving the flourishing growth of plants in the fairy ring soil and provided bio-resources for agricultural growth-promoting agents.

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