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Silymarin content in Silybum marianum populations growing in Egypt.

ABSTRACT: Chemical variation of Silybum marianum growing in the north, middle, and south of Egypt was investigated. Variation was assessed according to the content of the individual silymarin components in the fruits of the plant. The fruits were distinguished according to location, plant variety, and fruit color (maturity). Accelerated solvent extraction was used to standardize the silymarin extraction. Quantitative analysis of the content of silymarin components was carried out using HPLC with qNMR-controlled reference standards of taxifolin and seven major flavonolignans including silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, isosilychristin, and silydianin. The quantification method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering were carried out to create homogeneous clusters of samples based on the content of the silymarin components. Taxifolin had the lowest correlation relative to other silymarin components, whereas silybin A was positively correlated with silybin B. The samples clustered into three classes: silydianin-rich samples, samples with an average silymarin content of <18.8 mg/g, and one class enriched in silymarin (>18.8 mg/g). S. marianum growing in the Nile delta showed the highest silymarin content. No correlation was found between fruit color and silymarin content, indicating that the fruit maturity stage has no significance.

SUBMITTER: AbouZid SF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4863705 | biostudies-literature | 2016 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Silymarin content in <i>Silybum marianum</i> populations growing in Egypt.

AbouZid Sameh F SF Chen Shao-Nong SN Pauli Guido F GF

Industrial crops and products 20160105

Chemical variation of <i>Silybum marianum</i> growing in the north, middle, and south of Egypt was investigated. Variation was assessed according to the content of the individual silymarin components in the fruits of the plant. The fruits were distinguished according to location, plant variety, and fruit color (maturity). Accelerated solvent extraction was used to standardize the silymarin extraction. Quantitative analysis of the content of silymarin components was carried out using HPLC with qN ...[more]

PMID: 27182123

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Project description:PurposeIt is known that obesity has a multifactorial etiology that involves genetic and environmental factors. The WHO estimates the worldwide prevalence of 1.9 billion overweight adults and more than 650 million people with obesity. These alarming data highlight the high and growing prevalence of obesity and represent a risk factor for the development and aggravation of other chronic diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is frequently considered the hepatic outcome of type 2 diabetes. The use of non-pharmacological therapies such as food supplements, nutraceuticals, and natural integrative therapies has grown as an alternative tool for obesity-related diseases compared to conventional medications. However, it is a still little explored research field and lacks scientific evidence of therapeutic effectiveness. Considering this, the aim is to evaluate whether a new nutraceutical supplement composition can improve and supply essential mineral nutrients, providing an improvement of obesity-related metabolic and endocrine parameters.MethodsSedentary volunteers (women and men) with body mass index (BMI) ≤34.9 kg/m2 were divided into two groups: Novel Nutraceutical Supplement_(S) (n = 30) and Novel Nutraceutical Supplement (n = 29), differing in the absence (S) or presence of silymarin, respectively. Volunteers were instructed to take two capsules in the morning and two capsules in the evening. No nutritional intervention was performed during the study period. The data (anthropometrics and anamneses) and harvest blood (biochemistry and hormonal exams) were collected at three different time points: baseline time [day 0 (T0)], day 90 (T90), and day 180 (T180) post-supplementation.ResultsIn the anthropometric analysis, the waist circumference in middle abdomen (WC-mid) and waist circumference in iliac crest (WC-IC) were reduced. Also, the waist-to-height ratio (WHt R) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) seem to slightly decrease alongside the supplementation period with both nutraceutical supplements tested as well as transaminase enzyme ratio [aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (AAR)], a known as a biomarker of NAFLD, and endocrine hormones cortisol and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) at 90 and 180 days post-supplementation.ConclusionsIn a condition associated with sedentary and no nutritional intervention, the new nutraceutical supplement composition demonstrated the ability to be a strong and newfangled tool to improve important biomarkers associated with obesity and its comorbidities.

Project description:The glucose oligosaccharide-derived cyclodextrins (CDs) are used for improving bioactive compound production in plant cell cultures because, in addition to their elicitation activity, CDs promote product removal from cells. However, despite these advantages, the industrial application of CDs is hampered by their high market price. A strategy to overcome this constraint was recently tested, in which reusable CD polymers coated with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were harnessed in Vitis vinifera cell cultures to produce t-resveratrol (t-R). In this study, we applied hydroxypropyl-β-CDs (HPCD) and HPCDs coated with magnetic nanoparticles (HPCD-EPI-MN) in methyl jasmonate (MJ)-treated transgenic Silybum marianum cultures ectopically expressing either a stilbene synthase gene (STS) or a chalcone synthase gene (CHS), and compared their effects on the yields of t-R and naringenin (Ng), respectively. HPCD-EPI-MN at 15 g/L stimulated the accumulation of metabolites in the culture medium of the corresponding transgenic cell lines, with up to 4 mg/L of t-R and 3 mg/L of Ng released after 3 days. Similar amounts were produced in cultures treated with HPCD. Concentrations higher than 15 g/L of HPCD-EPI-MN and prolonged incubation periods negatively affected cell growth and viability in both transgenic cell lines. Reutilization of HPCD-EPI-MN was possible in three elicitation cycles (72 h each), after which the polymer retained 25-30% of its initial efficiency, indicating good stability and reusability. Due to their capacity to adsorb metabolites and their recyclability, the application of magnetic CD polymers may reduce the costs of establishing efficient secondary metabolite production systems on a commercial scale. KEY POINTS: • Long-term transgenic S. marianum suspensions stably produce transgene products • t-R and Ng accumulated extracellularly in cultures elicited with HPCD and HPCD-EPI-MN • The recyclability of HPCD-EPI-MN for metabolite production was proven.

Dataset Information

Silymarin content in Silybum marianum populations growing in Egypt.

Publications

Silymarin content in <i>Silybum marianum</i> populations growing in Egypt.

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