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A Novel and Fast Purification Method for Nucleoside Transporters.

ABSTRACT: Nucleoside transporters (NTs) play critical biological roles in humans, and to understand the molecular mechanism of nucleoside transport requires high-resolution structural information. However, the main bottleneck for structural analysis of NTs is the production of pure, stable, and high quality native protein for crystallization trials. Here we report a novel membrane protein expression and purification strategy, including construction of a high-yield membrane protein expression vector, and a new and fast purification protocol for NTs. The advantages of this strategy are the improved time efficiency, leading to high quality, active, stable membrane proteins, and the efficient use of reagents and consumables. Our strategy might serve as a useful point of reference for investigating NTs and other membrane proteins by clarifying the technical points of vector construction and improvements of membrane protein expression and purification.

SUBMITTER: Hao Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4899457 | biostudies-literature | 2016

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A Novel and Fast Purification Method for Nucleoside Transporters.

Hao Zhenyu Z Thomsen Maren M Postis Vincent L G VL Lesiuk Amelia A Sharples David D Wang Yingying Y Bartlam Mark M Goldman Adrian A

Frontiers in molecular biosciences 20160609

Nucleoside transporters (NTs) play critical biological roles in humans, and to understand the molecular mechanism of nucleoside transport requires high-resolution structural information. However, the main bottleneck for structural analysis of NTs is the production of pure, stable, and high quality native protein for crystallization trials. Here we report a novel membrane protein expression and purification strategy, including construction of a high-yield membrane protein expression vector, and a ...[more]

PMID: 27376071

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Project description:Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) transport nucleosides across the blood-testis barrier (BTB). ENTs are of interest to study the disposition of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in the human male genital tract because of their similarity in structure to nucleosides. HeLa S3 cells express ENT1 and ENT2 and were used to compare relative interactions of these transporters with selected NRTIs. Inhibition of [3H]uridine uptake by NBMPR was biphasic, with IC50 values of 11.3 nM for ENT1 and 9.6 μM for ENT2. Uptake measured with 100 nM NBMPR represented ENT2-mediated transport; subtracting that from total uptake represented ENT1-mediated transport. The kinetics of ENT1- and ENT2-mediated [3H]uridine uptake revealed no difference in Jmax (16.53 and 30.40 pmol cm-2 min-1) and an eightfold difference in Kt (13.6 and 108.9 μM). The resulting fivefold difference in intrinsic clearance (Jmax/Kt) for ENT1- and ENT2 transport accounted for observed inhibition of [3H]uridine uptake by 100 nM NBMPR. Millimolar concentrations of the NRTIs emtricitabine, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir disoproxil, and zalcitabine had no effect on ENT transport activity, whereas abacavir, entecavir, and zidovudine inhibited both transporters with IC50 values of ∼200 µM, 2.5 mM, and 2 mM, respectively. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and [3H] compounds, the data suggest that entecavir is an ENT substrate, abacavir is an ENT inhibitor, and zidovudine uptake is carrier-mediated, although not an ENT substrate. These data show that HeLa S3 cells can be used to explore complex transporter selectivity and are an adequate model for studying ENTs present at the BTB. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study characterizes an in vitro model using S-[(4-nitrophenyl)methyl]-6-thioinosine to differentiate between equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1- and ENT2-mediated uridine transport in HeLa cells. This provides a method to assess the influence of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors on natively expressed transporter function. Determining substrate selectivity of the ENTs in HeLa cells can be effectively translated into the activity of these transporters in Sertoli cells that comprise the blood-testis barrier, thereby assisting targeted drug development of compounds capable of circumventing the blood-testis barrier.

Project description:BackgroundHuman equilibrative nucleoside transporters (hENTs) 1-3 and human concentrative nucleoside transporters (hCNTs) 1-3 in the human choroid plexus (hCP) play a role in the homeostasis of adenosine and other naturally occurring nucleosides in the brain; in addition, hENT1, hENT2 and hCNT3 mediate membrane transport of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that could be used to treat HIV infection, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, 2'3'-dideoxycytidine and 2'3'-dideoxyinosine. This study aimed to explore the expression levels and functional activities of hENTs 1-3 and hCNTs 1-3 in human choroid plexus.MethodsFreshly-isolated pieces of lateral ventricle hCP, removed for various clinical reasons during neurosurgery, were obtained under Local Ethics Committee approval. Quantification of mRNAs that encoded hENTs and hCNTs was performed by the hydrolysis probes-based reverse transcription real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); for each gene of interest and for 18 S ribosomal RNA, which was an endogenous control, the efficiency of PCR reaction (E) and the quantification cycle (Cq) were calculated. The uptake of [(3)H]inosine by the choroid plexus pieces was investigated to explore the functional activity of hENTs and hCNTs in the hCP.ResultsRT-qPCR revealed that the mRNA encoding the intracellularly located transporter hENT3 was the most abundant, with E(-Cq )value being only about 40 fold less that the E(-Cq )value for 18 S ribosomal RNA; mRNAs encoding hENT1, hENT2 and hCNT3 were much less abundant than mRNA for the hENT3, while mRNAs encoding hCNT1 and hCNT2 were of very low abundance and not detectable. Uptake of [(3)H]inosine by the CP samples was linear and consisted of an Na(+)-dependent component, which was probably mediated by hCNT3, and Na(+)-independent component, mediated by hENTs. The latter component was not sensitive to inhibition by S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR), when used at a concentration of 0.5 muM, a finding that excluded the involvement of hENT1, but it was very substantially inhibited by 10 muM NBMPR, a finding that suggested the involvement of hENT2 in uptake.ConclusionTranscripts for hENT1-3 and hCNT3 were detected in human CP; mRNA for hENT3, an intracellularly located nucleoside transporter, was the most abundant. Human CP took up radiolabelled inosine by both concentrative and equilibrative processes. Concentrative uptake was probably mediated by hCNT3; the equilibrative uptake was mediated only by hENT2. The hENT1 transport activity was absent, which could suggest either that this protein was absent in the CP cells or that it was confined to the basolateral side of the CP epithelium.

Dataset Information

A Novel and Fast Purification Method for Nucleoside Transporters.

Publications

A Novel and Fast Purification Method for Nucleoside Transporters.

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