Dataset Information

Detection of Airborne Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Inside and Downwind of a Swine Building, and in Animal Feed: Potential Occupational, Animal Health, and Environmental Implications.

ABSTRACT: Aerosolized methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was sampled inside and downwind of a swine facility. Animal feed was sampled before and after entry into the swine facility. Aerosolized particles were detected using an optical particle counter for real-time measurement and with an Andersen sampler to detect viable MRSA. Molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed on samples collected. Viable MRSA organisms isolated inside the swine facility were primarily associated with particles >5 µm, and those isolated downwind from the swine facility were associated with particles <5 µm. MRSA isolates included spa types t008, t034, and t5706 and were resistant to methicillin, tetracycline, clindamycin, and erythromycin. Animal feed both before and after entry into the swine facility tested positive for viable MRSA. These isolates were of similar spa types as the airborne MRSA organisms. Air samples collected after power washing with a biocide inside the swine facility resulted in no viable MRSA organisms detected. This pilot study showed that the ecology of MRSA is complex. Additional studies are warranted on the maximum distance that viable MRSA can be emitted outside the facility, and the possibility that animal feed may be a source of contamination.

SUBMITTER: Ferguson DD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4927327 | biostudies-literature | 2016

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Detection of Airborne Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Inside and Downwind of a Swine Building, and in Animal Feed: Potential Occupational, Animal Health, and Environmental Implications.

Ferguson Dwight D DD Smith Tara C TC Hanson Blake M BM Wardyn Shylo E SE Donham Kelley J KJ

Journal of agromedicine 20160101 2

Aerosolized methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was sampled inside and downwind of a swine facility. Animal feed was sampled before and after entry into the swine facility. Aerosolized particles were detected using an optical particle counter for real-time measurement and with an Andersen sampler to detect viable MRSA. Molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed on samples collected. Viable MRSA organisms isolated inside the swine facility were primari ...[more]

PMID: 26808288

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Project description:Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from animals to humans is of great concern due to the implications for human health and the health care system. The objective was to investigate the frequency and duration of MRSA carriage in human volunteers after a short-term exposure in a swine farm. The experimental study included 34 human volunteers staying 1 h in a MRSA-positive swine farm in four trials. In two of the trials, the influence of farm work involving pig contact was studied using a crossover design. The quantities of MRSA in nasal swabs, throat swabs, and air samples were measured at different time points and analyzed in relation to relevant covariates. This investigation showed that, overall, 94% of the volunteers acquired MRSA during the farm visit. Two hours after the volunteers left the stable, the nasal MRSA count had declined to unquantifiable levels in 95% of the samples. After 48 h, 94% of the volunteers were MRSA-negative. Nasal MRSA carriage was positively correlated to personal exposure to airborne MRSA and farm work involving pig contact and negatively correlated to smoking. No association was observed between MRSA carriage and face touching behavior, nasal methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) carriage, age, or gender. The increase in human MRSA carriage among the volunteers with pig contact seems to be dependent on the increased concentration of airborne MRSA of the surrounding air and not directly on physical contact with pigs. MRSA was not detected in any of the throat samples.IMPORTANCE The experimental approach made it possible to elucidate the contributions of airborne MRSA levels and farm work to nasal MRSA carriage in a swine farm. Short-term exposure to airborne MRSA poses a substantial risk for farm visitors to become nasal carriers, but the carriage is typically cleared within hours to a few days. The risk for short-term visitors to cause secondary transmissions of MRSA is most likely negligible due to the observed decline to unquantifiable levels in 95% of the nasal samples after only 2 h. The MRSA load in the nose was highly correlated to the amount of MRSA in the air and interventions to reduce the level of airborne MRSA or the use of face masks might consequently reduce nasal contamination.

Project description:BackgroundColonization by livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) has increasingly been reported in the swine population worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of MRSA nasal carriage in healthy pigs, including the black (Calabrese) breed, from farms in the Calabria Region (Southern Italy). Between January and March 2018, a total of 475 healthy pigs reared in 32 farms were sampled by nasal swabbing. MRSA isolates were characterized by spa, MLST and SCCmec typing, and susceptibility testing to 17 antimicrobials.Results22 of 32 (66.8%) pig farms resulted positive for MRSA. The prevalence of MRSA was 46.1% (219 MRSA culture-positive out of 475 samples). MRSA colonization was significantly higher in intensive farms and in pigs with a recent or ongoing antimicrobial treatment. All 219 MRSA isolates were assigned to ST398. The most common spa types were t011 (37.0%), t034 (22.4%) and t899 (15.1%). A novel spa type (t18290) was detected in one isolate. An insertion of IS256 in the ST398-specific A07 fragment of the SAPIG2195 gene was detected in 10 out of 81 t011 isolates. Nearly all isolates carried the SCCmec type V element, except 11 isolates that carried the SCCmec type IVc. None of the isolates was positive for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin. All isolates were resistant to tetracycline. High resistance rates were also found for clindamycin (93.1%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (68.4%), fluoroquinolones (47.9-65.3%) and erythromycin (46.1%). None of the isolates was resistant to vancomycin and fusidic acid. Overall, a multidrug resistant phenotype was observed in 88.6% of isolates.ConclusionsWe report a high prevalence of MRSA among healthy swine in Southern Italy farms, with higher isolation frequency associated with intensive farming. The epidemiological types identified in our study reflect those reported in other European countries. Our findings underscore the importance of monitoring the evolution of LA-MRSA in pig farms in order to implement control measures and reduce the risk of spread in the animal population.

Dataset Information

Detection of Airborne Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Inside and Downwind of a Swine Building, and in Animal Feed: Potential Occupational, Animal Health, and Environmental Implications.

Publications

Detection of Airborne Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Inside and Downwind of a Swine Building, and in Animal Feed: Potential Occupational, Animal Health, and Environmental Implications.

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