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Endocidal Regulation of Secondary Metabolites in the Producing Organisms.

ABSTRACT: Secondary metabolites are defined as organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction of an organism. They are widely believed to be responsible for interactions between the producing organism and its environment, with the producer avoiding their toxicities. In our experiments, however, none of the randomly selected 44 species representing different groups of plants and insects can avoid autotoxicity by its endogenous metabolites once made available. We coined the term endocides (endogenous biocides) to describe such metabolites that can poison or inhibit the parent via induced biosynthesis or external applications. Dosage-dependent endocides can selectively induce morphological mutations in the parent organism (e.g., shrubbiness/dwarfism, pleiocotyly, abnormal leaf morphogenesis, disturbed phyllotaxis, fasciated stems, and variegation in plants), inhibit its growth, development, and reproduction and cause death than non-closely related species. The propagule, as well as the organism itself contains or produces adequate endocides to kill itself.

SUBMITTER: Li S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4937345 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Endocidal Regulation of Secondary Metabolites in the Producing Organisms.

Li Shiyou S Wang Ping P Yuan Wei W Su Zushang Z Bullard Steven H SH

Scientific reports 20160708

Secondary metabolites are defined as organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction of an organism. They are widely believed to be responsible for interactions between the producing organism and its environment, with the producer avoiding their toxicities. In our experiments, however, none of the randomly selected 44 species representing different groups of plants and insects can avoid autotoxicity by its endogenous metabolites once made avai ...[more]

PMID: 27389069

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Project description:Genetic and molecular evidence to support the hypothesis that fungal secondary metabolites play a significant role in protecting the fungi against fungivory is scarce. We investigated the impact of fungal secondary metabolites on transcript regulation of stress related expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of the Collembola Folsomia candida feeding on mixed vs. single diets. Aspergillus nidulans wildtype (WT; Ascomycota) able to produce secondary metabolites including sterigmatocystin (ST) and a knockout mutant with reduced secondary metabolism (A. nidulans ?LaeA) were combined with the high quality fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides as mixed diets or offered as single diets. We hypothesized that (i) A. nidulans WT triggers more genes associated with stress responses compared to the A. nidulans ?laeA strain with suppressed secondary metabolism, (ii) C. cladosporioides causes significantly different transcript regulation than the A. nidulans strains ?laeA and WT, and (iii) mixed diets will cause significantly different transcript expression levels than single diets. All three hypotheses are generally supported despite the fact that many functions of the affected ESTs are unknown. The results bring molecular evidence for the existence of a link between fungal secondary metabolites and responses in springtails supporting the hypothesis that fungal secondary metabolites act as a shield against fungivory. Twenty-three day old Folsomia candida were fed ad libitum for five days to fungal cuts respectively Cladosporium cladosporoides, Aspergillus nidulans WT, Aspergillus nidulans ?LaeA and two mixed diets of C.cladosporoides/A. nidulans WT (mix 1) and C. cladosporoides/A. nudlans ?LaeA (mix2) respectively. Four biological replicates were used for every treatment and a dye swap was used with the Cy3/Cy5 labels. This resulted in 20 samples which were analysed in 10 hybridisations executed in an interwoven loop design. The C. cladosporoides diet was used as the reference in the data analysis.

Project description:BackgroundThe utilization of plant growth-promoting microbes is an environment friendly strategy to counteract stressful condition and encourage plants tolerance. In this regards, the current study was designed to isolate ACC deaminase and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producing halotolerant bacteria to promote tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth and tolerance against salinity stress.ResultsThe selected bacterial isolate MO1 was identified as Leclercia adecarboxylata and IAA quantification results revealed that MO1 produced significant amount of IAA (9.815 ± 0.6293 μg mL- 1). The MO1 showed the presence of ACC (1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate) deaminase responsible acdS gene and tolerance against salinity stress. A plant microbe interaction experiment using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with glycine betaine (GB) as a positive control was carried out to investigate the positive role MO1 in improving plant growth and stress tolerance. The results indicated that MO1 inoculation and GB application significantly increased growth attributes under normal as well as saline condition (120 mM NaCl). The MO1 inoculation and GB treatment approach conferred good protection against salinity stress by significantly improving glucose by 17.57 and 18.76%, sucrose by 34.2 and 12.49%, fructose by 19.9 and 10.9%, citric acid by 47.48 and 34.57%, malic acid by 52.19 and 28.38%, serine by 43.78 and 69.42%, glycine by 14.48 and 22.76%, methionine by 100 and 124.99%, threonine by 70 and 63.08%, and proline by 36.92 and 48.38%, respectively, while under normal conditions MO1 inoculation and GB treatment also enhanced glucose by 19.83 and 13.19%, sucrose by 23.43 and 15.75%, fructose by 15.79 and 8.18%, citric acid by 43.26 and 33.14%, malic acid by 36.18 and 14.48%, serine by 46.5 and 48.55%, glycine by 19.85 and 29.77%, methionine by 22.22 and 38.89%, threonine by 21.95 and 17.07%, and proline by 29.61 and 34.68% compared to levels in non-treated plants, respectively. In addition, the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) level was noticeably lower in MO1-inoculated (30.28 and 30.04%) and GB-treated plants (45 and 35.35%) compared to their corresponding control plants under normal condition as well as salinity stress, respectively.ConclusionThe current findings suggest that the IAA- and ACC-deaminase-producing abilities MO1 can improve plants tolerance to salinity stress.

Dataset Information

Endocidal Regulation of Secondary Metabolites in the Producing Organisms.

Publications

Endocidal Regulation of Secondary Metabolites in the Producing Organisms.

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