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Engineering of complex protein sialylation in plants.

ABSTRACT: Sialic acids (Sias) are abundant terminal modifications of protein-linked glycans. A unique feature of Sia, compared with other monosaccharides, is the formation of linear homo-polymers, with its most complex form polysialic acid (polySia). Sia and polySia mediate diverse biological functions and have great potential for therapeutic use. However, technological hurdles in producing defined protein sialylation due to the enormous structural diversity render their precise investigation a challenge. Here, we describe a plant-based expression platform that enables the controlled in vivo synthesis of sialylated structures with different interlinkages and degree of polymerization (DP). The approach relies on a combination of stably transformed plants with transient expression modules. By the introduction of multigene vectors carrying the human sialylation pathway into glycosylation-destructed mutants, transgenic plants that sialylate glycoproteins in ?2,6- or ?2,3-linkage were generated. Moreover, by the transient coexpression of human ?2,8-polysialyltransferases, polySia structures with a DP >40 were synthesized in these plants. Importantly, plant-derived polySia are functionally active, as demonstrated by a cell-based cytotoxicity assay and inhibition of microglia activation. This pathway engineering approach enables experimental investigations of defined sialylation and facilitates a rational design of glycan structures with optimized biotechnological functions.

SUBMITTER: Kallolimath S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5003249 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Engineering of complex protein sialylation in plants.

Kallolimath Somanath S Castilho Alexandra A Strasser Richard R Grünwald-Gruber Clemens C Altmann Friedrich F Strubl Sebastian S Galuska Christina Elisabeth CE Zlatina Kristina K Galuska Sebastian Peter SP Werner Stefan S Thiesler Hauke H Werneburg Sebastian S Hildebrandt Herbert H Gerardy-Schahn Rita R Steinkellner Herta H

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20160721 34

Sialic acids (Sias) are abundant terminal modifications of protein-linked glycans. A unique feature of Sia, compared with other monosaccharides, is the formation of linear homo-polymers, with its most complex form polysialic acid (polySia). Sia and polySia mediate diverse biological functions and have great potential for therapeutic use. However, technological hurdles in producing defined protein sialylation due to the enormous structural diversity render their precise investigation a challenge. ...[more]

PMID: 27444013

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Project description:Recombinantly produced proteins are indispensable tools for medical applications. Since the majority of them are glycoproteins, their N-glycosylation profiles are major determinants for their activity, structural properties and safety. For therapeutical applications, a glycosylation pattern adapted to product and treatment requirements is advantageous. Physcomitrium patens (Physcomitrella, moss) is able to perform highly homogeneous complex-type N-glycosylation. Additionally, it has been glyco-engineered to eliminate plant-specific sugar residues by knock-out of the ?1,2-xylosyltransferase and ?1,3-fucosyltransferase genes (?xt/ft). Furthermore, Physcomitrella meets wide-ranging biopharmaceutical requirements such as GMP compliance, product safety, scalability and outstanding possibilities for precise genome engineering. However, all plants, in contrast to mammals, lack the capability to perform N-glycan sialylation. Since sialic acids are a common terminal modification on human N-glycans, the property to perform N-glycan sialylation is highly desired within the plant-based biopharmaceutical sector. In this study, we present the successful achievement of protein N-glycan sialylation in stably transformed Physcomitrella. The sialylation ability was achieved in a ?xt/ft moss line by stable expression of seven mammalian coding sequences combined with targeted organelle-specific localization of the encoded enzymes responsible for the generation of ?1,4-galactosylated acceptor N-glycans as well as the synthesis, activation, transport and transfer of sialic acid. Production of free (Neu5Ac) and activated (CMP-Neu5Ac) sialic acid was proven. The glycosidic anchor for the attachment of terminal sialic acid was generated by the introduction of a chimeric human ?1,4-galactosyltransferase gene under the simultaneous knock-out of the gene encoding the endogenous ?1,3-galactosyltransferase. Functional complex-type N-glycan sialylation was confirmed via mass spectrometric analysis of a stably co-expressed recombinant human protein.

Project description:Covalently-linked glycans on proteins have many functional roles, some of which are still not completely understood. Antibodies have a very specific glycan modification in the Fc region that is required for mediating immune effector functions. These Fc glycans are typically highly heterogeneous in structure, and this heterogeneity is influenced by many factors, such as type of cellular host and rate of Ab secretion. Glycan heterogeneity can affect the Fc-dependent activities of antibodies. It has been shown recently that increased Fc sialylation can result in decreased binding to immobilized antigens and some Fc? receptors, as well as decreased antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. In contrast, increased Fc sialylation enhances the anti-inflammatory activity of antibodies. To produce antibodies with increased effector functions, we developed host cell lines that would limit the degree of sialylation of recombinantly-expressed antibodies. Towards this end, the catalytic domain of the Arthrobacter ureafaciens sialidase (sialidase A) was engineered for secreted expression in mammalian cell lines. Expression of this sialidase A gene in mammalian cells resulted in secreted expression of soluble enzyme that was capable of removing sialic acid from antibodies secreted into the medium. Purified antibodies secreted from these cells were found to possess very low levels of sialylation compared with the same antibodies purified from unmodified host cells. The low sialylated antibodies exhibited similar binding affinity to soluble antigens, improved ADCC activity, and they possessed pharmacokinetic properties comparable to their more sialylated counterparts. Further, it was observed that the amount of sialidase A expressed was sufficient to thoroughly remove sialic acid from Abs made in high-producing cell lines. Thus, engineering host cells to express sialidase A enzyme can be used to produce recombinant antibodies with very low levels of sialylation.

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Engineering of complex protein sialylation in plants.

Publications

Engineering of complex protein sialylation in plants.

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