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Engineered Swift Equilibration of a Brownian particle.

ABSTRACT: A fundamental and intrinsic property of any device or natural system is its relaxation time relax, which is the time it takes to return to equilibrium after the sudden change of a control parameter [1]. Reducing ?relax, is frequently necessary, and is often obtained by a complex feedback process. To overcome the limitations of such an approach, alternative methods based on driving have been recently demonstrated [2, 3], for isolated quantum and classical systems [4-9]. Their extension to open systems in contact with a thermostat is a stumbling block for applications. Here, we design a protocol, named Engineered Swift Equilibration (ESE), that shortcuts time-consuming relaxations, and we apply it to a Brownian particle trapped in an optical potential whose properties can be controlled in time. We implement the process experimentally, showing that it allows the system to reach equilibrium times faster than the natural equilibration rate. We also estimate the increase of the dissipated energy needed to get such a time reduction. The method paves the way for applications in micro and nano devices, where the reduction of operation time represents as substantial a challenge as miniaturization [10].

SUBMITTER: Martinez IA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5011424 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Engineered Swift Equilibration of a Brownian particle.

Martínez Ignacio A IA Petrosyan Artyom A Guéry-Odelin David D Trizac Emmanuel E Ciliberto Sergio S

Nature physics 20160509 9

A fundamental and intrinsic property of any device or natural system is its relaxation time relax, which is the time it takes to return to equilibrium after the sudden change of a control parameter [1]. Reducing <i>τ</i><sub>relax</sub>, is frequently necessary, and is often obtained by a complex feedback process. To overcome the limitations of such an approach, alternative methods based on driving have been recently demonstrated [2, 3], for isolated quantum and classical systems [4-9]. Their ex ...[more]

PMID: 27610190

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Project description:Background and objectivesAlthough a peritoneal equilibration test yields data on three parameters (4-hour dialysate/plasma creatinine, 4- to 0-hour dialysate glucose, and 4-hour ultrafiltration volume), all studies have focused on the prognostic value of dialysate/plasma creatinine for patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Because dialysate 4- to 0-hour glucose and ultrafiltration volume may be superior in predicting daily ultrafiltration, the likely mechanism for the association of peritoneal equilibration test results with outcomes, we hypothesized that they are superior to dialysate/plasma creatinine for risk prediction.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe examined unadjusted and adjusted associations of three peritoneal equilibration test parameters with all-cause mortality, technique failure, and hospitalization rate in 10,142 patients on peritoneal dialysis treated between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2011 in 764 dialysis facilities operated by a single large dialysis organization in the United States, with a median follow-up period of 15.8 months; 87% were treated with automated peritoneal dialysis.ResultsDemographic and clinical parameters explained only 8% of the variability in dialysate/plasma creatinine. There was a linear association between dialysate/plasma creatinine and mortality (adjusted hazards ratio per 0.1 unit higher, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.13) and hospitalization rate (adjusted incidence rate ratio per 0.1 unit higher, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.06). Dialysate/plasma creatinine and dialysate glucose were highly correlated (r=-0.84) and yielded similar risk prediction. Ultrafiltration volume was inversely related with hospitalization rate but not with all-cause mortality. None of the parameters were associated with technique failure. Adding 4- to 0-hour dialysate glucose, ultrafiltration volume, or both did not result in any improvement in risk prediction with dialysate/plasma creatinine alone.ConclusionsThis analysis from a large contemporary cohort treated primarily with automated peritoneal dialysis validates dialysate/plasma creatinine as a robust predictor of outcomes in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis.

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Engineered Swift Equilibration of a Brownian particle.

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Engineered Swift Equilibration of a Brownian particle.

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