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Microbial conversion of major ginsenosides in ginseng total saponins by Platycodon grandiflorum endophytes.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:In this study, we screened and identified an endophyte JG09 having strong biocatalytic activity for ginsenosides from Platycodon grandiflorum, converted ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside monomers, determined the source of minor ginsenosides and the transformation pathways, and calculated the maximum production of minor ginsenosides for the conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to assess the transformation activity of endophyte JG09. METHODS:The transformation of ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside monomers Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1 into minor ginsenosides F2, C-K and Rh1 using endophyte JG09 isolated by an organizational separation method and Esculin-R2A agar assay, as well as the identification of transformed products via TLC and HPLC, were evaluated. Endophyte JG09 was identified through DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS:A total of 32 ?-glucosidase-producing endophytes were screened out among the isolated 69 endophytes from P. grandiflorum. An endophyte bacteria JG09 identified as Luteibacter sp. effectively converted protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd into minor ginsenosides F2 and C-K, and converted protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside Rg1 into minor ginsenoside Rh1. The transformation pathways of major ginsenosides by endophyte JG09 were as follows: Rb1?Rd?F2?C-K; Rb2?C-O?C-Y?C-K; Rc?C-Mc1?C-Mc?C-K; Rg1?Rh1. The maximum production rate of ginsenosides F2 and C-K reached 94.53% and 66.34%, respectively. CONCLUSION:This is the first report about conversion of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides by fermentation with P. grandiflorum endophytes. The results of the study indicate endophyte JG09 would be a potential microbial source for obtaining minor ginsenosides.

SUBMITTER: Cui L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5052436 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Microbial conversion of major ginsenosides in ginseng total saponins by <i>Platycodon grandiflorum</i> endophytes.

Cui Lei L Wu Song-Quan SQ Zhao Cheng-Ai CA Yin Cheng-Ri CR

Journal of ginseng research 20151217 4

<h4>Background</h4>In this study, we screened and identified an endophyte JG09 having strong biocatalytic activity for ginsenosides from <i>Platycodon grandiflorum</i>, converted ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside monomers, determined the source of minor ginsenosides and the transformation pathways, and calculated the maximum production of minor ginsenosides for the conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to assess the transformation activity of endophyte JG09.<h4>Methods</h4>The transformation of gin ...[more]

PMID: 27746689

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Project description:BackgroundCampanulaceae species are known to have highly rearranged plastid genomes lacking the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) subunit D gene (accD), and instead have a nuclear (nr)-accD. Plastid genome information has been thought to depend on studies concerning Trachelium caeruleum and genome announcements for Adenophora remotiflora, Campanula takesimana, and Hanabusaya asiatica. RNA editing information for plastid genes is currently unavailable for Campanulaceae. To understand plastid genome evolution in Campanulaceae, we have sequenced and characterized the chloroplast (cp) genome and nr-accD of Platycodon grandiflorum, a basal member of Campanulaceae.ResultsWe sequenced the 171,818 bp cp genome containing a 79,061 bp large single-copy (LSC) region, a 42,433 bp inverted repeat (IR) and a 7840 bp small single-copy (SSC) region, which represents the cp genome with the largest IR among species of Campanulaceae. The genome contains 110 genes and 18 introns, comprising 77 protein-coding genes, four RNA genes, 29 tRNA genes, 17 group II introns, and one group I intron. RNA editing of genes was detected in 18 sites of 14 protein-coding genes. Platycodon has an IR containing a 3' rps12 operon, which occurs in the middle of the LSC region in four other species of Campanulaceae (T. caeruleum, A. remotiflora, C. takesimana, and H. asiatica), but lacks accD, clpP, infA, and rpl23, as has been found in these four species. Platycodon nr-accD contains about 3.2 kb intron between nr-accD.e1 and nr-accD.e2 at the same insertion point as in other Campanulaceae. The phylogenies of the plastid genomes and accD show that Platycodon is basal in the Campanulaceae clade, indicating that IR disruption in Campanulaceae occurred after the loss of accD, clpP, infA, and rpl23 in the cp genome, which occurred during plastid evolution in Campanulaceae.ConclusionsThe plastid genome of P. grandiflorum lacks the rearrangement of the IR found in T. caeruleum, A. remotiflora, C. takesimana, and H. asiatica. The absence of accD, clpP, infA, and rpl23 in the plastid genome is a synapomorphic characteristic of Campanulaceae. The chloroplast genome phylogeny supports the hypothesis that chloroplast genomic arrangement occurred after accD nuclear transfer and loss of the four genes in the plastid of early Campanulaceae as a lineage of asterids.

Dataset Information

Microbial conversion of major ginsenosides in ginseng total saponins by Platycodon grandiflorum endophytes.

Publications

Microbial conversion of major ginsenosides in ginseng total saponins by <i>Platycodon grandiflorum</i> endophytes.

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