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Structure of an acetylating aldehyde dehydrogenase from the thermophilic ethanologen Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius.

ABSTRACT: Acetylating aldehyde dehydrogenases (AcAldDH) catalyse the acetylation of Coenzyme-A (CoA), or in reverse generate acetaldehyde from Acetyl-CoA using NADH as a co-factor. This article reports the expression, purification, enzyme assay, and X-ray crystal structures of an AcAldDH from Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius (GtAcAldDH) to 2.1Å and in complex with CoA and NAD+ to 4.0Å. In the structure, the AcAldDH forms a close-knit dimer, similar to that seen in other Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) structures. In GtAcAldDH, these dimers associate via their N-termini to form weakly interacting tetramers. This mode of tetrameric association is also seen in an unpublished AcAldDH deposited in the PDB, but is in contrast to all other ADH structures, (including the one other published AcAldDH found in a bacterial microcompartment), in which the dimers bury a large surface area including the C-termini. This novel mode of association sequesters the active sites and potentially reactive acyl-enzyme intermediates in the center of the tetramer. In other respects, the structure is very similar to the other AcAldDH, binding the cofactors in a corresponding fashion. This similarity enabled the identification of a shortened substrate cavity in G. thermoglucosidasius AcAldDH, explaining the limitations on the length of substrate accepted by the enzyme.

SUBMITTER: Extance J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5079254 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Structure of an acetylating aldehyde dehydrogenase from the thermophilic ethanologen Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius.

Extance Jonathan J Danson Michael J MJ Crennell Susan J SJ

Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 20160920 11

Acetylating aldehyde dehydrogenases (AcAldDH) catalyse the acetylation of Coenzyme-A (CoA), or in reverse generate acetaldehyde from Acetyl-CoA using NADH as a co-factor. This article reports the expression, purification, enzyme assay, and X-ray crystal structures of an AcAldDH from Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius (GtAcAldDH) to 2.1Å and in complex with CoA and NAD<sup>+</sup> to 4.0Å. In the structure, the AcAldDH forms a close-knit dimer, similar to that seen in other Alcohol Dehydrogenase (AD ...[more]

PMID: 27571338

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Project description:BACKGROUND:The liberation of acetate from hemicellulose negatively impacts fermentations of cellulosic biomass, limiting the concentrations of substrate that can be effectively processed. Solvent-producing bacteria have the capacity to convert acetate to the less toxic product acetone, but to the best of our knowledge, this trait has not been transferred to an organism that produces ethanol at high yield. RESULTS:We have engineered a five-step metabolic pathway to convert acetic acid to acetone in the thermophilic anaerobe Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum. The first steps of the pathway, a reversible conversion of acetate to acetyl-CoA, are catalyzed by the native T. saccharolyticum enzymes acetate kinase and phosphotransacetylase. ack and pta normally divert 30% of catabolic carbon flux to acetic acid; however, their re-introduction in evolved ethanologen strains resulted in virtually no acetic acid production. Conversion between acetic acid and acetyl-CoA remained active, as evidenced by rapid (13)C label transfer from exogenous acetate to ethanol. Genomic re-sequencing of six independently evolved ethanologen strains showed convergent mutations in the hfs hydrogenase gene cluster, which when transferred to wildtype T. saccharolyticum conferred a low acid production phenotype. Thus, the mutated hfs genes effectively separate acetic acid production and consumption from central metabolism, despite their intersecting at the common intermediate acetyl-CoA. To drive acetic acid conversion to a less inhibitory product, the enzymes thiolase, acetoacetate:acetate CoA-transferase, and acetoacetate decarboxylase were assembled in T. saccharolyticum with genes from thermophilic donor organisms that do not natively produce acetone. The resultant strain converted acetic acid to acetone and ethanol while maintaining a metabolic yield of 0.50 g ethanol per gram carbohydrate. CONCLUSIONS:Conversion of acetic acid to acetone results in improved ethanol productivity and titer and is an attractive low-cost solution to acetic acid inhibition.

Project description:Background:A consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), where lignocellulose is converted into the desired product(s) in a single fermentative step without the addition of expensive degradative enzymes, represents the ideal solution of renewable routes to chemicals and fuels. Members of the genus Geobacillus are able to grow at elevated temperatures and are able to utilise a wide range of oligosaccharides derived from lignocellulose. This makes them ideally suited to the development of CBP. Results:In this study, we engineered Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius NCIMB 11955 to utilise lignocellulosic biomass, in the form of nitric acid/ammonia treated wheat straw to which expensive hydrolytic enzymes had not been added. Two different strains, BZ9 and BZ10, were generated by integrating the cglT (β-1,4-glucosidase) gene from Thermoanaerobacter brockii into the genome, and localising genes encoding different cellulolytic enzymes on autonomous plasmids. The plasmid of strain BZ10 carried a synthetic cellulosomal operon comprising the celA (Endoglucanase A) gene from Clostridium thermocellum and cel6B (Exoglucanase) from Thermobifida fusca; whereas, strain BZ9 contained a plasmid encoding the celA (multidomain cellulase) gene from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. All of the genes were successfully expressed, and their encoded products secreted in a functionally active form, as evidenced by their detection in culture supernatants by Western blotting and enzymatic assay. In the case of the C. bescii CelA enzyme, this is one of the first times that the heterologous production of this multi-functional enzyme has been achieved in a heterologous host. Both strains (BZ9 and BZ10) exhibited improved growth on pre-treated wheat straw, achieving a higher final OD600 and producing greater numbers of viable cells. To demonstrate that cellulosic ethanol can be produced directly from lignocellulosic biomass by a single organism, we established our consortium of hydrolytic enzymes in a previously engineered ethanologenic G. thermoglucosidasius strain, LS242. We observed approximately twofold and 1.6-fold increase in ethanol production in the recombinant G. thermoglucosidasius equivalent to BZ9 and BZ10, respectively, compared to G. thermoglucosidasius LS242 strain at 24 h of growth. Conclusion:We engineered G. thermoglucosidasius to utilise a real-world lignocellulosic biomass substrate and demonstrated that cellulosic ethanol can be produced directly from lignocellulosic biomass in one step. Direct conversion of biomass into desired products represents a new paradigm for CBP, offering the potential for carbon neutral, cost-effective production of sustainable chemicals and fuels.

Dataset Information

Structure of an acetylating aldehyde dehydrogenase from the thermophilic ethanologen Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius.

Publications

Structure of an acetylating aldehyde dehydrogenase from the thermophilic ethanologen Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius.

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