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Inhibition of PAR-4 and P2Y12 receptor-mediated platelet activation produces distinct hepatic pathologies in experimental xenobiotic-induced cholestatic liver disease.

ABSTRACT: Emerging evidence supports a protective effect of platelets in experimental cholestatic liver injury and cholangiofibrosis. Coagulation-mediated platelet activation has been shown to inhibit experimental chronic cholestatic liver necrosis and biliary fibrosis. This occurs through thrombin-mediated activation of protease activated receptor-4 (PAR-4) in mice. However, it is not known whether other pathways of platelet activation, such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-mediated receptor P2Y12 activation is also protective. We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of P2Y12-mediated platelet activation exacerbates hepatic injury and cholangiofibrosis, and examined the impact of P2Y12 inhibition in both the presence and absence of PAR-4. Treatment of wild-type mice with the P2Y12 receptor antagonist clopidogrel increased biliary hyperplasia and cholangiofibrosis in wild-type mice exposed to the xenobiotic alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) for 4 weeks compared to vehicle-treated mice exposed to ANIT. Interestingly, this effect of clopidogrel occurred without a corresponding increase in hepatocellular necrosis. Whereas biliary hyperplasia and cholangiofibrosis were increased in PAR-4(-/-) mice, clopidogrel treatment failed to further increase these pathologies in PAR-4(-/-) mice. The results indicate that inhibition of receptor P2Y12-mediated platelet activation exacerbates bile duct fibrosis in ANIT-exposed mice, independent of hepatocellular necrosis. Moreover, the lack of an added effect of clopidogrel administration on the exaggerated pathology in ANIT-exposed PAR-4(-/-) mice reinforces the prevailing importance of coagulation-mediated platelet activation in limiting this unique liver pathology.

SUBMITTER: Joshi N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5091088 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Inhibition of PAR-4 and P2Y12 receptor-mediated platelet activation produces distinct hepatic pathologies in experimental xenobiotic-induced cholestatic liver disease.

Joshi Nikita N Kopec Anna K AK Ray Jessica L JL Luyendyk James P JP

Toxicology 20160727

Emerging evidence supports a protective effect of platelets in experimental cholestatic liver injury and cholangiofibrosis. Coagulation-mediated platelet activation has been shown to inhibit experimental chronic cholestatic liver necrosis and biliary fibrosis. This occurs through thrombin-mediated activation of protease activated receptor-4 (PAR-4) in mice. However, it is not known whether other pathways of platelet activation, such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-mediated receptor P2Y12 activati ...[more]

PMID: 27475285

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Project description:Microglia are the resident phagocytes of the central nervous system, and microglial activation is considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies with single-cell RNA analysis of CNS cells in Alzheimer's disease and diverse other neurodegenerative conditions revealed that the transition from homeostatic microglia to disease-associated microglia was defined by changes of gene expression levels, including down-regulation of the P2Y12 receptor gene (P2Y12R). However, it is yet to be clarified in Alzheimer's disease brains whether and when this down-regulation occurs in response to amyloid-β and tau depositions, which are core pathological processes in the disease etiology. To further evaluate the significance of P2Y12 receptor alterations in the neurodegenerative pathway of Alzheimer's disease and allied disorders, we generated an anti-P2Y12 receptor antibody and examined P2Y12 receptor expressions in the brains of humans and model mice bearing amyloid-β and tau pathologies. We observed that the brains of both Alzheimer's disease and non-Alzheimer's disease tauopathy patients and tauopathy model mice (rTg4510 and PS19 mouse lines) displayed declined microglial P2Y12 receptor levels in regions enriched with tau inclusions, despite an increase in the total microglial population. Notably, diminution of microglial immunoreactivity with P2Y12 receptor was noticeable prior to massive accumulations of phosphorylated tau aggregates and neurodegeneration in rTg4510 mouse brains, despite a progressive increase of total microglial population. On the other hand, Iba1-positive microglia encompassing compact and dense-cored amyloid-β plaques expressed P2Y12 receptor at varying levels in amyloid precursor protein (APP) mouse models (APP23 and AppNL-F/NL-F mice). By contrast, neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease brains were associated with P2Y12 receptor-negative microglia. These data suggest that the down-regulation of microglia P2Y12 receptor, which is characteristic of disease-associated microglia, is intimately associated with tau rather than amyloid-β pathologies from an early stage and could be a sensitive index for neuroinflammatory responses to Alzheimer's disease-related neurodegenerative processes.

Dataset Information

Inhibition of PAR-4 and P2Y12 receptor-mediated platelet activation produces distinct hepatic pathologies in experimental xenobiotic-induced cholestatic liver disease.

Publications

Inhibition of PAR-4 and P2Y12 receptor-mediated platelet activation produces distinct hepatic pathologies in experimental xenobiotic-induced cholestatic liver disease.

Similar Datasets

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