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Task Inhibition and Response Inhibition in Older vs. Younger Adults: A Diffusion Model Analysis.

ABSTRACT: Differences in inhibitory ability between older (64-79 years, N = 24) and younger adults (18-26 years, N = 24) were investigated using a diffusion model analysis. Participants performed a task-switching paradigm that allows assessing n-2 task repetition costs, reflecting inhibitory control on the level of tasks, as well as n-1 response-repetition costs, reflecting inhibitory control on the level of responses. N-2 task repetition costs were of similar size in both age groups. Diffusion model analysis revealed that for both younger and older adults, drift rate parameters were smaller in the inhibition condition relative to the control condition, consistent with the idea that persisting task inhibition slows down response selection. Moreover, there was preliminary evidence for task inhibition effects in threshold separation and non-decision time in the older, but not the younger adults, suggesting that older adults might apply different strategies when dealing with persisting task inhibition. N-1 response-repetition costs in mean RT were larger in older than younger adults, but in mean error rates tended to be larger in younger than older adults. Diffusion-model analysis revealed longer non-decision times in response repetitions than response switches in both age groups, consistent with the idea that motor processes take longer in response repetitions than response switches due to persisting response inhibition of a previously executed response. The data also revealed age-related differences in overall performance: Older adults responded more slowly and more accurately than young adults, which was reflected by a higher threshold separation parameter in diffusion model analysis. Moreover, older adults showed larger non-decision times and higher variability in non-decision time than young adults, possibly reflecting slower and more variable motor processes. In contrast, overall drift rate did not differ between older and younger adults. Taken together, diffusion model analysis revealed differences in overall performance between the age groups, as well as preliminary evidence for age differences in dealing with task inhibition, but no evidence for an inhibitory deficit in older age.

SUBMITTER: Schuch S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5108792 | biostudies-literature | 2016

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Task Inhibition and Response Inhibition in Older vs. Younger Adults: A Diffusion Model Analysis.

Schuch Stefanie S

Frontiers in psychology 20161115

Differences in inhibitory ability between older (64-79 years, <i>N</i> = 24) and younger adults (18-26 years, <i>N</i> = 24) were investigated using a diffusion model analysis. Participants performed a task-switching paradigm that allows assessing n-2 task repetition costs, reflecting inhibitory control on the level of tasks, as well as n-1 response-repetition costs, reflecting inhibitory control on the level of responses. N-2 task repetition costs were of similar size in both age groups. Diffus ...[more]

PMID: 27895599

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Project description:Emotional information rapidly captures our attention and also often invokes automatic response tendencies, whereby positive information motivates approach, while negative information encourages avoidance. However, many circumstances require the need to override or inhibit these automatic responses. Control over responses to emotional information remains largely intact in late life, in spite of age-related declines in cognitive control and inhibition of responses to non-emotional information. The goal of this behavioral study was to understand how the aging process influences emotional response inhibition for positive and negative information in older adults. We examined emotional response inhibition in 36 healthy older adults (ages 60-89) and 44 younger adults (ages 18-22) using an emotional Go/No-Go task presenting happy (positive), fearful (negative), and neutral faces. In both younger and older adults, happy faces produced more approach-related behavior (i.e., fewer misses), while fearful faces produced more avoidance-related behavior, in keeping with theories of approach/avoidance-motivated responses. Calculation of speed/accuracy trade-offs between response times and false alarm rates revealed that younger and older adults both favored speed at the expense of accuracy, most robustly within blocks with fearful faces. However, there was no indication that the strength of the speed/accuracy trade-off differed between younger and older adults. The key finding was that although younger adults were faster to respond to all types of faces, older adults had greater emotional response inhibition (i.e., fewer false alarms). Moreover, younger adults were particularly prone to false alarms for happy faces. This is the first study to directly test effects of aging on emotional response inhibition. Complementing previous literature in the domains of attention and memory, these results provide new evidence that in the domain of response inhibition older adults may more effectively employ emotion regulatory ability, albeit on a slower time course, compared to younger adults. Older adults' enhanced adaptive emotion regulation strategies may facilitate resistance to emotional distraction. The present study extends the literature of emotional response inhibition in younger adulthood into late life, and in doing so further elucidates how cognitive aging interacts with affective control processes.

Dataset Information

Task Inhibition and Response Inhibition in Older vs. Younger Adults: A Diffusion Model Analysis.

Publications

Task Inhibition and Response Inhibition in Older vs. Younger Adults: A Diffusion Model Analysis.

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