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Relationship between birth weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood and adolescent lung function: A path analysis.

ABSTRACT: Low birth weight and gestational maternal smoking have been linked with reduced lung function in children in many cross sectional studies. However, these associations have not yet been assessed with repeated measurements of lung function. Our aim was to investigate the effects of birth weight, gestational age, and gestational maternal smoking on lung function in children at age 10 and 18 years.In the Isle of Wight birth cohort spirometry was performed at age 10 and 18 years. Information on birth weight and gestational age were obtained from hospital records. Mothers were asked about smoking during pregnancy. We employed linear mixed models to estimate the effect of these risk factors on repeated measurements of lung function. We considered maternal asthma, sex, neonatal intensive care unit admission, height, socio-economic status, personal smoking in participants at age 18, body mass index and environmental tobacco smoke exposure as potential confounders. Finally, we used path analysis to determine links between birth weight, gestational age and gestational maternal smoking on lung function at age 10 and 18 years.Linear mixed models showed that with every 1 kg increase in birth weight, Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) increased by 42.6 ± 17.2 mL and Forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% (FEF25-75) of Forced vital capacity (FVC) increased by 95.5 ± 41.2 mL at age 18 years after adjusting for potential confounders. Path analysis suggested that birth weight had positive direct effects on FEV1 and FEF25-75 and positive indirect effect on FVC at 10 years which were carried forward to 18 years. Additionally, results also suggested a positive association between gestational age and FEV1, FVC and FEF25-75 at ages 10 and 18 years and an inverse association between gestational smoke exposure and FEV1/FVC ratio and FEF25-75 at age 18 years.Higher birth weight and gestational age were associated with higher FEV1, FVC and FEF25-75 and maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with reduced FEV1/FVC ratio and FEF25-75. The use of path analysis can improve our understanding of underlying "causal" pathways among different prenatal and childhood factors that affect lung function in both pre-adolescent and adolescent periods.

SUBMITTER: Balte P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5131806 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Relationship between birth weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood and adolescent lung function: A path analysis.

Balte Pallavi P Karmaus Wilfried W Roberts Graham G Kurukulaaratchy Ramesh R Mitchell Frances F Arshad Hasan H

Respiratory medicine 20161019

<h4>Background</h4>Low birth weight and gestational maternal smoking have been linked with reduced lung function in children in many cross sectional studies. However, these associations have not yet been assessed with repeated measurements of lung function. Our aim was to investigate the effects of birth weight, gestational age, and gestational maternal smoking on lung function in children at age 10 and 18 years.<h4>Methods</h4>In the Isle of Wight birth cohort spirometry was performed at age 10 ...[more]

PMID: 27888986

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Cigarette smoking has severe adverse health consequences in adults and in the offspring of mothers who smoke during pregnancy. One of the most widely reported effects of smoking during pregnancy is reduced birth weight which is in turn associated with chronic disease in adulthood. Epigenome-wide association studies have revealed that smokers show a characteristic "smoking methylation pattern", and recent authors have proposed that DNA methylation mediates the impact of maternal smoking on birth weight. The aims of the present study were to replicate previous reports that methylation mediates the effect of maternal smoking on birth weight, and for the first time to investigate whether the observed mediation effects are sex-specific in order to account for known sex-specific differences in methylation levels. METHODS:Methylation levels in the cord blood of 313 newborns were determined using the Illumina HumanMethylation450K Beadchip. A total of 5,527 CpG sites selected on the basis of evidence from the literature were tested. To determine whether the observed association between maternal smoking and birth weight was attributable to methylation, mediation analyses were performed for significant CpG sites. Separate analyses were then performed in males and females. RESULTS:Following quality control, 282 newborns eventually remained in the analysis. A total of 25 mothers had smoked consistently throughout the pregnancy. The birthweigt of newborns whose mothers had smoked throughout pregnancy was reduced by >200g. After correction for multiple testing, 30 CpGs showed differential methylation in the maternal smoking subgroup including top "smoking methylation pattern" genes AHRR, MYO1G, GFI1, CYP1A1, and CNTNAP2. The effect of maternal smoking on birth weight was partly mediated by the methylation of cg25325512 (PIM1); cg25949550 (CNTNAP2); and cg08699196 (ITGB7). Sex-specific analyses revealed a mediating effect for cg25949550 (CNTNAP2) in male newborns. CONCLUSION:The present data replicate previous findings that methylation can mediate the effect of maternal smoking on birth weight. The analysis of sex-dependent mediation effects suggests that the sex of the newborn may have an influence. Larger studies are warranted to investigate the role of both the identified differentially methylated loci and the sex of the newborn in mediating the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight.

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Relationship between birth weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood and adolescent lung function: A path analysis.

Publications

Relationship between birth weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood and adolescent lung function: A path analysis.

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