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Factors Underlying the Temporal Increase in Maternal Mortality in the United States.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE:To identify the factors underlying the recent increase in maternal mortality ratios (maternal deaths per 100,000 live births) in the United States. METHODS:We carried out a retrospective study with data on maternal deaths and live births in the United States from 1993 to 2014 obtained from the birth and death files of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Underlying causes of death were examined between 1999 and 2014 using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes. Poisson regression was used to estimate maternal mortality rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for the introduction of a separate pregnancy question and the standard pregnancy checkbox on death certificates and adoption of ICD-10. RESULTS:Maternal mortality ratios increased from 7.55 in 1993, to 9.88 in 1999, and to 21.5 per 100,000 live births in 2014 (RR 2014 compared with 1993 2.84, 95% CI 2.49-3.24; RR 2014 compared with 1999 2.17, 95% CI 1.93-2.45). The increase in maternal deaths from 1999 to 2014 was mainly the result of increases in maternal deaths associated with two new ICD-10 codes (O26.8, ie, primarily renal disease; and O99, ie, other maternal diseases classifiable elsewhere); exclusion of such deaths abolished the increase in mortality (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.94-1.27). Regression adjustment for improvements in surveillance also abolished the temporal increase in maternal mortality ratios (adjusted maternal mortality ratios 7.55 in 1993, 8.00 per 100,000 live births in 2013; adjusted RR 2013 compared with 1993 1.06, 95% CI 0.90-1.25). CONCLUSION:Recent increases in maternal mortality ratios in the United States are likely an artifact of improvements in surveillance and highlight past underestimation of maternal death. Complete ascertainment of maternal death in populations remains a challenge even in countries with good systems for civil registration and vital statistics.

SUBMITTER: Joseph KS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5177465 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Factors Underlying the Temporal Increase in Maternal Mortality in the United States.

Joseph K S KS Lisonkova Sarka S Muraca Giulia M GM Razaz Neda N Sabr Yasser Y Mehrabadi Azar A Schisterman Enrique F EF

Obstetrics and gynecology 20170101 1

<h4>Objective</h4>To identify the factors underlying the recent increase in maternal mortality ratios (maternal deaths per 100,000 live births) in the United States.<h4>Methods</h4>We carried out a retrospective study with data on maternal deaths and live births in the United States from 1993 to 2014 obtained from the birth and death files of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Underlying causes of death were examined between 1999 and 2014 using International Classification of Diseas ...[more]

PMID: 27926651

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Project description:BackgroundAlthough prior studies of inpatient maternal mortality in the United States provide data on the overall rate and trend in inpatient maternal mortality, there are no published reports of maternal mortality data stratified by timing of its occurrence across the pregnancy continuum (antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum).ObjectiveThe study objective was to determine whether the maternal mortality rate, trends over time, self-reported race/ethnicity, and associated factors vary based on the timing of the occurrence of death during pregnancy.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database to identify pregnancy-related inpatient stays stratified by timing. Among women in the sample, we determined in-hospital mortality and used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify comorbidities and behavioral characteristics associated with mortality, including alcohol, drug, and tobacco use. Joinpoint regression was used to calculate rates and trends of in-hospital maternal mortality.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 7,411 inpatient maternal mortalities among an estimated 58,742,179 hospitalizations of women 15-49 years of age. In-hospital maternal mortality rate stratified by race showed that African Americans died at significantly higher rates during antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum periods compared to hospitalizations for Whites or Hispanics during the same time period. Although the postpartum hospitalization represents only 2% of pregnancy-related hospitalizations among women aged 15-49 years, hospitalization during this time period accounted for 27.2% of all maternal deaths during pregnancy-related hospitalization.DiscussionMost in-hospital maternal mortalities occur after hospital discharge from child birth (postpartum period). Yet, the postpartum period continues to be the time period with the least maternal healthcare surveillance in the pregnancy continuum. African American women experience three times more in-hospital mortality when compared to their White counterparts.

Project description:Study objectivesA recent trend in increasing rates of severe maternal morbidity and mortality despite quality improvements has been noted. The goal of this study is to estimate the national prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in pregnant women and examine associations between OSA and pregnancy-related morbidities, including in-hospital maternal mortality.DesignA retrospective, cross-sectional analysis.SettingA nationally representative sample of maternal hospital discharges from 1998-2009.Patients or participantsThe analytic sample included 55,781,965 pregnancy-related inpatient hospital discharges.InterventionsN/A.Measurements and resultsThe Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was used to identify hospital stays for women who were pregnant or gave birth. Among these women, we determined length of hospital stay, in-hospital mortality, and used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes to identify OSA and other outcome measures. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between OSA and each outcome. The overall rate of OSA was 3.0 per 10,000; however, the rate climbed substantially from 0.7 in 1998 to 7.3 in 2009, with an average annual increase of 24%. After controlling for obesity and other potential confounders, OSA was associated with increased odds of pregnancy-related morbidities including preeclampsia (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 2.2-2.9), eclampsia (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 3.3-8.9), cardiomyopathy (OR, 9.0; 95% CI, 7.5-10.9), and pulmonary embolism (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 2.3-8.9). Women with OSA experienced a more than fivefold increased odds of in-hospital mortality (95% CI, 2.4-11.5). The adverse effects of OSA on selected outcomes were exacerbated by obesity.ConclusionsObstructive sleep apnea is associated with severe maternal morbidity, cardiovascular morbidity, and in-hospital death. Targeted interventions may improve pregnancy outcomes in this group.

Project description:Importance:Whether the changing gestational age distribution in the United States since 2005 has affected perinatal mortality remains unknown. Objective:To examine changes in gestational age distribution and gestational age-specific perinatal mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants:This retrospective cohort study examined trends in US perinatal mortality by linking live birth and infant death data among more than 35 million singleton births from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2015. Exposures:Year of birth and changes in gestational age distribution. Main Outcomes and Measures:Changes in the proportion of births at gestational ages 20 to 27, 28 to 31, 32 to 33, 34 to 36, 37 to 38, 39 to 40, 41, and 42 to 44 weeks; changes in perinatal mortality (stillbirth at ?20 weeks, and neonatal deaths at <28 days) rates; and contribution of gestational age changes to perinatal mortality. Trends were estimated from log-linear regression models adjusted for confounders. Results:Among the 34?236?577 singleton live births during the study period, the proportion of births at all gestational ages declined, except at 39 to 40 weeks, which increased (54.5% in 2007 to 60.2% in 2015). Overall perinatal mortality declined from 9.0 to 8.6 per 1000 births (P?<?.001). Stillbirths declined from 5.7 to 5.6 per 1000 births (P?<?.001), and neonatal mortality declined from 3.3 to 3.0 per 1000 births (P?<?.001). Although the proportion of births at gestational ages 34 to 36, 37 to 38, and 42 to 44 weeks declined, perinatal mortality rates at these gestational ages showed annual adjusted relative increases of 1.0% (95% CI, 0.6%-1.4%), 2.3% (95% CI, 1.9%-2.8%), and 4.2% (95% CI, 1.5%-7.0%), respectively. Neonatal mortality rates at gestational ages 34 to 36 and 37 to 38 weeks showed a relative adjusted annual increase of 0.9% (95% CI, 0.2%-1.6%) and 3.1% (95% CI, 2.1%-4.1%), respectively. Although the proportion of births at gestational age 39 to 40 weeks increased, perinatal mortality showed an annual relative adjusted decline of -1.3% (95% CI, -1.8% to -0.9%). The decline in neonatal mortality rate was largely attributable to changes in the gestational age distribution than to gestational age-specific mortality. Conclusions and Relevance:Although the proportion of births at gestational age 39 to 40 weeks increased, perinatal mortality at this gestational age declined. This finding may be owing to pregnancies delivered at 39 to 40 weeks that previously would have been unnecessarily delivered earlier, leaving fetuses at higher risk for mortality at other gestational ages.

Dataset Information

Factors Underlying the Temporal Increase in Maternal Mortality in the United States.

Publications

Factors Underlying the Temporal Increase in Maternal Mortality in the United States.

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