Dataset Information

Minimal Evidence for a Secondary Loss of Strength After an Acute Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

ABSTRACT: An immediate loss of strength follows virtually all types of muscle injury but there is debate whether the initial strength loss is maximal or if a secondary loss of strength occurs during the first 3 days post-injury.The objective of this analysis was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature to determine if a secondary loss of strength occurs after an injurious initiating event.Literature searches were performed using eight electronic databases (e.g., PubMed, Cochrane Library). Search terms included skeletal muscle AND (injur* OR damage*) AND (strength OR force OR torque). The extracted strength data were converted to a standard format by calculating the standardized mean difference, which is reported as the effect size (ES) along with its 95 % confidence interval (CI). The calculation of ES was designed so that a negative ES that was statistically less than zero would be interpreted as indicating a secondary loss of strength.A total of 223 studies with over 4000 human and animal subjects yielded data on 262 independent groups and a total of 936 separate ESs. Our overall meta-analysis yielded a small-to-medium, positive overall ES that was statistically greater than zero (overall ES = +0.34, 95 % CI 0.27-0.40; P < 0.00000001). Considerable variation in ES was observed among studies (I 2 = 86 %), which could be partially explained by the research group conducting the study, sex of the subject, day of post-injury strength assessment, whether fatigue was present immediately post-injury, and the muscle group injured. From the subgroup meta-analyses probing these variables, 36 subgroup ESs were calculated and none were statistically less than zero.Overall, our findings do not support the presence of a secondary loss of strength following an acute muscle injury, and strongly suggest that strength, on average, recovers steadily over the first 3 days post-injury.

SUBMITTER: Warren GL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5214801 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Minimal Evidence for a Secondary Loss of Strength After an Acute Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Warren Gordon L GL Call Jarrod A JA Farthing Amy K AK Baadom-Piaro Bemene B

Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 20170101 1

<h4>Background</h4>An immediate loss of strength follows virtually all types of muscle injury but there is debate whether the initial strength loss is maximal or if a secondary loss of strength occurs during the first 3 days post-injury.<h4>Objective</h4>The objective of this analysis was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature to determine if a secondary loss of strength occurs after an injurious initiating event.<h4>Methods</h4>Literature searches were perfo ...[more]

PMID: 27100114

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Project description:ObjectiveTo determine the effect of exercise and physical activity interventions that meet current guideline recommendations on cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiometabolic health, and muscle strength in adults in the acute stage (<1 year post onset) of spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation.Data sourcesSix electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar, National Institute Clinical Excellence, World Health Organization) were searched (January 2016-March 2022) to extend a previously published review.Study selectionIncluded studies implemented exercise interventions in the acute stage of SCI rehabilitation participants which met the exercise guidelines and measured cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiometabolic health, and strength outcomes.Data extractionTitles and abstracts were screened against eligibility criteria and duplicates removed using EndNote X8. Full texts were independently assessed and results presented in a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flowchart. Data extraction was completed on included studies by 2 reviewers (L.R. and V.B.) using a modified Cochrane Group form.Data synthesisData were synthesized, appraised using the Modified Downs & Black checklist and presented in narrative and tabular format. This review was registered on PROSPERO (Register ID:CRD42021249441). Of the 1255 studies, 4 were included, featuring 108 total participants <1-year post-SCI. Functional electrical stimulation cycle ergometry reduced muscle atrophy after 3 months training and increased lean body mass after 6 months. Resistance training increased muscle peak torque, perceived muscle strength and function. Aerobic exercise interventions did not increase cardiorespiratory fitness.ConclusionsInterventions meeting the exercise guidelines did not increase cardiorespiratory fitness but were shown to improve cardiometabolic health and perceived muscle strength and function in adults in the acute stage of SCI rehabilitation. Further empirical research using standardized outcome measures are required to explore the effectiveness of aerobic exercise and strengthening interventions in acute stage of SCI rehabilitation to support the development of exercise guidelines.

Project description:BackgroundDespite advances in both prevention and treatment, traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the most burdensome diseases; 2% of the US population currently lives with disabilities resulting from TBI. Recent advances in the understanding of inflammation and its impact on the pathophysiology of trauma have increased the interest in inflammation as a possible mediator in TBI outcome.ObjectivesThe goal of this systematic review is to address the question: "What is the evidence in humans that inflammation is linked to secondary brain injury?" As the experimental evidence has been well described elsewhere, this review will focus on the clinical evidence for inflammation as a mechanism of secondary brain injury.Data sourcesMedline database (1996-Week 1 June 2014), Pubmed and Google Scholar databases were queried for relevant studies.Study eligibility criteriaStudies were eligible if participants were adults and/or children who sustained moderate or severe TBI in the acute phase of injury, published in English. Studies published in the last decade (since 2004) were preferentially included. Trials could be observational or interventional in nature.Appraisal and synthesis methodsTo address the quality of the studies retrieved, we applied the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria to assess the limitations of the included studies.ResultsTrauma initiates local central nervous system as well as systemic immune activation. Numerous observational studies describe elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are associated with important clinical variables including neurologic outcome and mortality. A small number of clinical trials have included immunomodulating strategies, but no intervention to date has proven effective in improving outcomes after TBI.LimitationsInclusion of studies not initially retrieved by the search terms may have biased our results. Additionally, some reports may have been inadvertently excluded due to use of non-search term key words. Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings Clinical evidence of inflammation causing secondary brain injury in humans is gaining momentum. While inflammation is certainly present, it is not clear from the literature at what juncture inflammation becomes maladaptive, promoting secondary injury rather than facilitating repairand identifying patients with maladaptive inflammation (neuro-inflammation, systemic, or both) after TBI remains elusive. Direct agonism/antagonism represents an exciting target for future study.Level of evidenceSystematic review, level III.

Dataset Information

Minimal Evidence for a Secondary Loss of Strength After an Acute Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Publications

Minimal Evidence for a Secondary Loss of Strength After an Acute Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

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