Physical activity, mental health, and weight gain in a longitudinal observational cohort of nonobese young adults.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Staiano AE
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5308059 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Sep
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Physical activity, mental health, and weight gain in a longitudinal observational cohort of nonobese young adults.
Staiano Amanda E AE Marker Arwen M AM Martin Corby K CK Katzmarzyk Peter T PT
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 20160728 9
<h4>Objective</h4>To investigate the relationship among moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), mental health symptoms, and weight gain in young adults.<h4>Methods</h4>Fifty-nine healthy men and women (age 26.8 ± 4.7 years, body mass index [BMI] 22.4 ± 2.3 kg/m(2) ) were assessed at baseline and year 2. Weight, BMI, fat mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, anxiety and depression by the SCL-90, and MVPA by accelerometry were assessed. Sex-stratified linear regression models were used ...[more]
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Project description:Background:Young adulthood is a critical period for excessive weight gain. The extent to which young adults' sedentary time (ST) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) relate to adiposity and weight gain remains unclear. Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine the relation of ST and MVPA with adiposity and change in adiposity in healthy, nonobese young adults over a 2-y period. Design:Participants were 71 adults aged 20-35 y. Measurements included ST and MVPA by accelerometry and reported energy intake at baseline, and anthropometry (%FM) and fat mass (FM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline, year 1, and year 2. Associations of baseline ST and MVPA with adiposity were examined with the use of repeated-measures linear regression models, controlling for age, sex, and reported energy intake. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. Results:Participants [mean ± SD body mass index (BMI; kg/m2): 22.6 ± 2.4] engaged in 8.5 ± 1.5 h ST/d and 0.4 ± 0.3 h MVPA/d. At baseline, adults who engaged in ST for ?8 h/d had higher FM, %FM, and lower MVPA, whereas those who engaged in MVPA for ?30 min/d had lower FM and %FM. In fully adjusted models, ST was significantly associated with baseline body weight, hip circumference, BMI, FM, and %FM and with year-1 body weight, waist and hip circumference, FM, and %FM, but not with any year-2 adiposity indicators. MVPA was not significantly associated with any adiposity indicators at baseline, year 1, or year 2 in fully adjusted models. Over 2 y, participants significantly increased waist circumference, BMI, FM, and %FM (all P-values <0.05), but there were no associations among baseline ST and MVPA with change in adiposity. Conclusions:Among nonobese young adults, high ST and low MVPA were related to elevated adiposity but did not predict change in adiposity over time. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00945633.
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Project description:OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship of body weight and its changes over time with physical activity (PA). DESIGN:Population-based prospective cohort study (Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, EPIC-Norfolk, United Kingdom). SUBJECTS:A total of 25?639 men and women aged 39-79 years at baseline. PA was self-reported. Weight and height were measured by standard clinical procedures at baseline and self-reported at 18-month and 10-year follow-ups (calibrated against clinical measures). Main outcome measure was PA at the 10-year follow-up. RESULTS:Body weight and PA were inversely associated in cross-sectional analyses. In longitudinal analyses, an increase in weight was associated with higher risk of being inactive 10 years later, after adjusting for baseline activity, 18-month activity, sex, baseline age, prevalent diseases, socioeconomic status, education, smoking, total daily energy intake and alcohol intake. Compared with stable weight, a gain in weight of >2?kg per year in the short-, medium- and long-term was consistently and significantly associated with greater likelihood of physical inactivity after 10 years, with the most pronounced effect for long-term weight gain, OR=1.89 (95% CI: 1.30-2.70) in fully adjusted analysis. Weight gain of 0.5-2?kg per year over long-term was substantially associated with physical inactivity after full adjustment, OR=1.26 (95% CI: 1.11-1.41). CONCLUSION:Weight gain (during short-, medium- and long-term) is a significant determinant of future physical inactivity independent of baseline weight and activity. Compared with maintaining weight, moderate (0.5-2?kg per year) and large weight gain (>2?kg per year) significantly predict future inactivity; a potentially vicious cycle including further weight gain, obesity and complications associated with a sedentary lifestyle. On the basis of current predictions of obesity trends, we estimate that the prevalence of inactivity in England would exceed 60% in the year 2020.
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Project description:To assess in a single cohort whether annual weight and waist circumference (WC) change has varied over time.Longitudinal cohort study with three surveys (1) 1999/2000; (2) 2004/2005 and (3) 2011/2012. Generalised linear mixed models with random effects were used to compare annualised weight and WC change between surveys 1 and 2 (period 1) with that between surveys 2 and 3 (period 2). Models were adjusted for age to analyse changes with time rather than age. Models were additionally adjusted for sex, education status, area-level socioeconomic disadvantage, ethnicity, body mass index, diabetes status and smoking status.The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study (AusDiab)-a population-based, stratified-cluster survey of 11247 adults aged ?25 years.3351 Australian adults who attended each of three surveys and had complete measures of weight, WC and covariates.Weight and WC were measured at each survey. Change in weight and WC was annualised for comparison between the two periods.Mean weight and WC increased in both periods (0.34 kg/year, 0.43 cm/year period 1; 0.13 kg/year, 0.46 cm/year period 2). Annualised weight gain in period 2 was 0.11 kg/year (95% CI 0.06 to 0.15) less than period 1. Lesser annual weight gain between the two periods was not seen for those with greatest area-level socioeconomic disadvantage, or in men over the age of 55. In contrast, the annualised WC increase in period 2 was greater than period 1 (0.07 cm/year, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.12). The increase was greatest in men aged 55+ years and those with a greater area-level socioeconomic disadvantage.Between 2004/2005 and 2011/2012, Australian adults in a national study continued to gain weight, but more slowly than 1999/2000-2004/2005. While weight gain may be slowing, this was not observed for older men or those in more disadvantaged groups, and the same cannot be said for WC.
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Project description:Depression and anxiety are common during pregnancy, but little is known about the influence of these disorders on gestational weight gain (GWG). Data from a prospective cohort of pregnant women followed in a public healthcare center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were used to evaluate the association of depression, anxiety, and suicide risk with GWG. GWG was evaluated at 5-13, 20-26, 30-36, and 37-42 weeks, and GWG adequacy was determined. Statistical analyses included linear mixed-effect models and Poisson regression. We evaluated 206 women, in which 15% (n = 31) presented major depressive disorder, 19.4% (n = 34) suicide risk and 10% (n = 21) generalized anxiety disorder at baseline. Women with depression at the first trimester, persistent depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms at the second trimester presented significantly lower rates of GWG per week compared to those without depression or anxiety, respectively. Persistent depressive symptoms represented a 2.40 (95% CI 1.20; 4.81; p = 0.013) increase in the risk of insufficient GWG. There was no significant association between generalized anxiety disorder or suicide risk with GWG. The presence of depression, depressive symptoms, and anxiety during pregnancy were associated with lower GWG rates. Persistent depressive symptoms during pregnancy were directly associated with insufficient GWG.
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Project description:ObjectiveThe study objective was to determine whether two self-regulation interventions that reduced 3-year weight gain in young adults remain effective at 6 years.MethodsA randomized trial was conducted in two academic settings in 599 young adults, aged 18 to 35 years, with normal weight or overweight; 504 (84%) reconsented for a 6-year extension (Study of Novel Approaches to Weight Gain Prevention-Extended [SNAP-E]) with ongoing intervention and assessments. Weight gain over 6 years was compared for all assigned to Control, Large Changes (LC; lose 5-10 pounds initially), and Small Changes (SC; make small daily changes in intake and activity).ResultsWeight change from baseline to 6 years did not differ significantly among the three groups (Control = 3.9 kg, SC = 4.1 kg, and LC = 2.8 kg). However, there was a significant age-by-treatment interaction (P = 0.002). Among those < 25 years old, weight gain from baseline to 6 years averaged 7.3 kg in the Control group and was reduced by almost 50% in LC and SC. LC also significantly reduced mean weight gain (area under the curve) over 6 years compared with Control or SC.ConclusionsAlthough the interventions did not reduce weight gain at 6 years for the full cohort, they were effective in those < 25 years old. Future efforts should focus on young adults aged 18 to 24.9 and test more intensive interventions with more diverse participants.
| S-EPMC6927481 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: Limited evidence exists about the role of education and own educational mobility on body weight trajectory. A better understanding of how education influences long term weight gain can help us to design more effective health policies. METHODS: Using random effects models, the association between i) highest education (n?=?10 018) and ii) educational mobility over a 9 year period (n?=?9 907) and weight gain was analysed using five waves of data (over 13 years) from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health 1973-78 cohort (from 18-23 years to 31-36 years). RESULTS: Highest educational attainment was inversely associated with weight at baseline and weight gain over 13 years. Compared to high educated women, those with a low (12 years or less) or intermediate (trade/certificate/diploma) education, respectively, weighed an additional 2.6 kg (95% CI:1.9 to 3.1) and 2.5 kg (95% CI:1.9 to 3.3) at baseline and gained an additional 3.9 kg (95% CI:2.6 to 5.2) and 3.1 kg (95% CI:2.6 to 3.9) over 13 years. Compared to women who remained with a low education, women with the greatest educational mobility had similar baseline weight to the women who already had a high education at baseline (2.7 kg lighter (95% CI:-3.7 to -1.8) and 2.7 kg lighter (95% CI:-3.4 to -1.9), respectively) and similarly favourable weight gain (gaining 3.1 kg less (95% CI:-4.0 to -2.21) and 4.2 kg less (95% CI:-4.8 to -3.4) over the 13 years, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: While educational attainment by mid-thirties was positively associated with better weight management, women's weight was already different in young adult age, before their highest education was achieved. These findings highlight a potential role of early life factors and personality traits which may influence both education and weight outcomes.
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Project description:BackgroundWeight gain during young adulthood is common and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Preventing this weight gain from occurring may be critical to improving long-term health. Few studies have focused on weight gain prevention, and these studies have had limited success. SNAP (Study of Novel Approaches to Weight Gain Prevention) is an NIH-funded randomized clinical trial examining the efficacy of two novel self-regulation approaches to weight gain prevention in young adults compared to a minimal treatment control. The interventions focus on either small, consistent changes in eating and exercise behaviors, or larger, periodic changes to buffer against expected weight gains.Methods/designSNAP targets recruitment of six hundred young adults (18-35 years) with a body mass index between 21.0-30.0 kg/m2, who will be randomly assigned with equal probability to: (1) minimal intervention control; (2) self-regulation with Small Changes; or (3) self-regulation with Large Changes. Both interventions receive 8 weekly face-to-face group sessions, followed by 2 monthly sessions, with two 4-week refresher courses in each of subsequent years. Participants are instructed to report weight via web at least monthly thereafter, and receive monthly email feedback. Participants in Small Changes are taught to make small daily changes (~100 calorie changes) in how much or what they eat and to accumulate 2000 additional steps per day. Participants in Large Changes are taught to create a weight loss buffer of 5-10 pounds once per year to protect against anticipated weight gains. Both groups are encouraged to self-weigh daily and taught a self-regulation color zone system that specifies action depending on weight gain prevention success. Individualized treatment contact is offered to participants who report weight gains. Participants are assessed at baseline, 4 months, and then annually. The primary outcome is weight gain over an average of 3 years of follow-up; secondary outcomes include diet and physical activity behaviors, psychosocial measures, and cardiovascular disease risk factors.DiscussionSNAP is unique in its focus on weight gain prevention in young adulthood. The trial will provide important information about whether either or both of these novel interventions are effective in preventing weight gain.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01183689.
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Project description:Overweight and obesity have been associated with unemployment but less is known about changes in weight associated with changes in employment. We examined weight changes associated with job-loss, retirement and maintaining employment in two samples of working adults in the United Kingdom. This was a prospective study of 7201 adults in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk study (aged 39-76 years) and 4539 adults in the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) who were followed up over 43 months and 26 months, respectively. In both samples, changes in measured (EPIC) and self-reported (BHPS) weight were computed for each participant and assessed in relation to three employment transitions: maintaining paid employment, retirement and job-loss. Regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Further analyses evaluated the contribution of diet, physical activity and smoking to weight gain. In EPIC-Norfolk, weight change differed across the three employment transitions for women but not men. The mean (95% CI) annualised change in weight for women who became unemployed over the follow-up period was 0.70 (0.55, 0.85) kg/y while those who maintained employment gained 0.49 (0.43, 0.55) kg/y (P = 0.007). Accounting for changes in smoking, diet and physical activity did not substantially alter the difference in weight gain among groups. In BHPS, job-loss was associated with weight gain of 1.56 (0.89, 2.23) kg/y, while those who maintained employment 0.60 (0.53, 0.68) kg/y (P < 0.001). In both samples, weight changes associated with retirement were similar to those staying in work. In BHPS, job-loss was also associated with significant declines in self-reported well-being and increases in sleep-loss. Two UK-based samples of working adults reveal strong associations between job-loss and excess weight gain. The mediating behaviours are so far unclear but psychosocial mechanisms and sleep-loss may contribute to the excess weight gain among individuals who become unemployed.
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Project description:Young adults attending college are more vulnerable to weight gain than the general population. We sought to identify health behavior change targets related to weight management in college students. Based on the Social Cognitive Theory model for health behavior change, we investigated the health-related lifestyle behaviors and physiological characteristics of this population. Forty-three college students (18.3+/-0.1 years) completed a series of quantitative assessments (eg, body weight and composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and diet and activity habits) and structured qualitative assessments (ie, structured interview or focus group). Participants were predominantly normal weight (mean body mass index 22.2+/-0.4) and fit (maximal oxygen consumption 50.5+/-1.5 mL/kg/minute). However, healthful eating and physical activity were not considered high priorities, despite having ample free time, high exercise self-efficacy, positive outcome expectations for exercise, and a desire to exercise more. Participants reported that regularly engaging in exercise was difficult. This may have been due to poor planning/time management, satisfaction with body image, lack of accountability, and feelings of laziness. Dietary patterns generally met recommendations but were low in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Social support for exercise and healthful dietary habits were important factors associated with health behaviors. Students reported a decline in exercise and dietary habits relative to high school, which may have contributed to college weight gain. Our results suggest that this population may not have adequate self-regulatory skills, such as planning and self-monitoring, to maintain healthful behaviors in the college environment. Food and nutrition professionals working with young adults attending college may use these findings to guide the behavioral therapy component of their weight management medical nutrition therapy goals and outcomes.
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Project description:BACKGROUND:Recruiting young adults (ages 18-35 years) into weight gain prevention intervention studies is challenging and men are particularly difficult to reach. This paper describes two studies designed to improve recruitment for a randomized trial of weight gain prevention interventions. Study 1 used a quasi-experimental design to test the effect of two types of direct mailings on their overall reach. Study 2 used a randomized design to test the effect of using targeted messages to increase recruitment of men into the trial. METHODS:For Study 1, 60,000 male and female young-adult households were randomly assigned to receive either a recruitment brochure or postcard. Visits to recruitment websites during each mailing period were used to assess response to each mailing. Study 2 focused on postcard recruitment only. These households received either a targeted or generic recruitment postcard, where targeted postcards included the word "Men" in the headline text. Response rates to each type of card were categorized based on participant report of mailing received. RESULTS:The reach of the postcards and brochures were similar (421 and 386 website visits, respectively; P?=?0.22). Individuals who received the brochure were more likely to initiate the online screener than those who received a postcard (P?=?0.01). In Study 2, of those who completed the telephone screening, 60.9 % of men (n?=?23) had received the targeted postcard as compared to the generic postcard (39.1 %, P?=?0.30). The reverse was true for women (n?=?62, 38.7 vs. 61.3 %, P?=?0.08). CONCLUSIONS:These studies suggest there was little difference in the reach of postcards versus brochures. However, recipients of brochures were more likely to continue to the next stage of study participation. As expected, men's response to the weight gain prevention messages was lower than women's response; but using targeted messages appears to have modestly increased the proportion of male respondents. These studies add to the limited experimental literature on recruitment messaging and provide further indication for using targeted messages to reach underrepresented populations while providing initial evidence on the effect of mailing type on message reach. TRIAL REGISTRATION:The Study of Novel Approaches to Weight Gain Prevention was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT01183689 ) on 13 August 2010.
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