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Nutrient Channels Aid the Growth of Articular Surface-Sized Engineered Cartilage Constructs.

ABSTRACT: Symptomatic osteoarthritic lesions span large regions of joint surfaces and the ability to engineer cartilage constructs at clinically relevant sizes would be highly desirable. We previously demonstrated that nutrient transport limitations can be mitigated by the introduction of channels in 10?mm diameter cartilage constructs. In this study, we scaled up our previous system to cast and cultivate 40?mm diameter constructs (2.3?mm overall thickness); 4?mm diameter and channeled 10?mm diameter constructs were studied for comparison. Furthermore, to assess whether prior results using primary bovine cells are applicable for passaged cells-a more clinically realistic scenario-we cast constructs of each size with primary or twice-passaged cells. Constructs were assessed mechanically for equilibrium compressive Young's modulus (EY), dynamic modulus at 0.01?Hz (G*), and friction coefficient (?); they were also assessed biochemically, histologically, and immunohistochemically for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen contents. By maintaining open channels, we successfully cultured robust constructs the size of entire human articular cartilage layers (growing to ?52?mm in diameter, 4?mm thick, mass of 8?g by day 56), representing a 100-fold increase in scale over our 4?mm diameter constructs, without compromising their functional properties. Large constructs reached EY of up to 623?kPa and GAG contents up to 8.9%/ww (% of wet weight), both within native cartilage ranges, had G* >2?MPa, and up to 3.5%/ww collagen. Constructs also exhibited some of the lowest ? reported for engineered cartilage (0.06-0.11). Passaged cells produced tissue of lower quality, but still exhibited native EY and GAG content, similar to their smaller controls. The constructs produced in this study are, to our knowledge, the largest engineered cartilage constructs to date which possess native EY and GAG, and are a testament to the effectiveness of nutrient channels in overcoming transport limitations in cartilage tissue engineering.

SUBMITTER: Cigan AD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5312614 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Nutrient Channels Aid the Growth of Articular Surface-Sized Engineered Cartilage Constructs.

Cigan Alexander D AD Durney Krista M KM Nims Robert J RJ Vunjak-Novakovic Gordana G Hung Clark T CT Ateshian Gerard A GA

Tissue engineering. Part A 20160823 17-18

Symptomatic osteoarthritic lesions span large regions of joint surfaces and the ability to engineer cartilage constructs at clinically relevant sizes would be highly desirable. We previously demonstrated that nutrient transport limitations can be mitigated by the introduction of channels in 10 mm diameter cartilage constructs. In this study, we scaled up our previous system to cast and cultivate 40 mm diameter constructs (2.3 mm overall thickness); 4 mm diameter and channeled 10 mm diameter cons ...[more]

PMID: 27481330

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Project description:Biomimetic design in cartilage tissue engineering is a challenge given the complexity of the native tissue. While numerous studies have generated constructs with near-native bulk properties, recapitulating the depth-dependent features of native tissue remains a challenge. Furthermore, limitations in nutrient transport and matrix accumulation in engineered constructs hinders maturation within the central core of large constructs. To overcome these limitations, we fabricated tri-layered constructs that recapitulate the depth-dependent cellular organization and functional properties of native tissue using zonally derived chondrocytes co-cultured with MSCs. We also introduced porous hollow fibers (HFs) and HFs/cotton threads to enhance nutrient transport. Our results showed that tri-layered constructs with depth-dependent organization and properties could be fabricated. The addition of HFs or HFs/threads improved matrix accumulation in the central core region. With HF/threads, the local modulus in the deep region of tri-layered constructs nearly matched that of native tissue, though the properties in the central regions remained lower. These constructs reproduced the zonal organization and depth-dependent properties of native tissue, and demonstrate that a layer-by-layer fabrication scheme holds promise for the biomimetic repair of focal cartilage defects.Articular cartilage is a highly organized tissue driven by zonal heterogeneity of cells, extracellular matrix proteins and fibril orientations, resulting in depth-dependent mechanical properties. Therefore, the recapitulation of the functional properties of native cartilage in a tissue engineered construct requires such a biomimetic design of the morphological organization, and this has remained a challenge in cartilage tissue engineering. This study demonstrates that a layer-by-layer fabrication scheme, including co-cultures of zone-specific articular CHs and MSCs, can reproduce the depth-dependent characteristics and mechanical properties of native cartilage while minimizing the need for large numbers of chondrocytes. In addition, introduction of a porous hollow fiber (combined with a cotton thread) enhanced nutrient transport and depth-dependent properties of the tri-layered construct. Such a tri-layered construct may provide critical advantages for focal cartilage repair. These constructs hold promise for restoring native tissue structure and function, and may be beneficial in terms of zone-to-zone integration with adjacent host tissue and providing more appropriate strain transfer after implantation.

Dataset Information

Nutrient Channels Aid the Growth of Articular Surface-Sized Engineered Cartilage Constructs.

Publications

Nutrient Channels Aid the Growth of Articular Surface-Sized Engineered Cartilage Constructs.

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