Dataset Information

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of U.S. Commercial Cigarettes.

ABSTRACT: Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are N-nitroso-derivatives of pyridine-alkaloids (e.g., nicotine) present in tobacco and cigarette smoke. Two TSNAs, N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), are included on the Food and Drug Administration's list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products and tobacco. The amounts of four TSNAs (NNK, NNN, N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT)) in the tobacco and mainstream smoke from 50 U.S. commercial cigarette brands were measured from November 15, 2011 to January 4, 2012 using a validated HPLC/MS/MS method. Smoke samples were generated using the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) machine-smoking regimens. NNN and NAT were the most abundant TSNAs in tobacco filler and smoke across all cigarette brands, whereas NNK and NAB were present in lesser amounts. The average ratios for each TSNA in mainstream smoke to filler content is 29% by the CI smoking regimen and 13% for the ISO machine-smoking regimen. The reliability of individual TSNAs to predict total TSNA amounts in the filler and smoke was examined. NNN, NAT, and NAB have a moderate to high correlation (R2 = 0.61-0.98, p < 0.0001), and all three TSNAs individually predict total TSNAs with minimal difference between measured and predicted total TSNA amounts (error < 7.4%). NNK has weaker correlation (R2 = 0.56-0.82; p < 0.0001) and is a less reliable predictor of total TSNA quantities. Tobacco weight and levels of TSNAs in filler influence TSNA levels in smoke from the CI machine-smoking regimen. In contrast, filter ventilation is a major determinant of levels of TSNAs in smoke by the ISO machine-smoking regimen. Comparative analysis demonstrates substantial variability in TSNA amounts in tobacco filler and mainstream smoke yields under ISO and CI machine-smoking regimens among U.S. commercial cigarette brands.

SUBMITTER: Edwards SH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5318265 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of U.S. Commercial Cigarettes.

Edwards Selvin H SH Rossiter Lana M LM Taylor Kenneth M KM Holman Matthew R MR Zhang Liqin L Ding Yan S YS Watson Clifford H CH

Chemical research in toxicology 20161221 2

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are N-nitroso-derivatives of pyridine-alkaloids (e.g., nicotine) present in tobacco and cigarette smoke. Two TSNAs, N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), are included on the Food and Drug Administration's list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products and tobacco. The amounts of four TSNAs (NNK, NNN, N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT)) in the tobacco and ma ...[more]

PMID: 28001416

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Project description:IntroductionTobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are potent carcinogens. Levels of TSNAs can be modified through manufacturing practices. In the 2000s, TSNA levels in cigarettes sold in Canada were reduced by changes in tobacco curing processes. The current study examined TSNA levels over the following decade to examine trends over time.MethodsData submitted to Health Canada under the Tobacco Reporting Regulations were used to examine whole tobacco constituents for 1809 brands and mainstream smoke emissions for 191 brands manufactured by Canada's three leading cigarette companies from 2005 through 2011/12 using one-way analysis of variances (ANOVAs) and linear regression models.ResultsLevels of N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) (p < .001) and 4-(methylnitrosamino-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (p < .001) in whole tobacco showed significant differences over time, decreasing between 2005 and 2007, and generally increasing from 2007 through 2012. Levels of all TSNAs in mainstream smoke emissions reflected a similar pattern: N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) (p < .001), NAT (p < .001), NNK (p < .001), and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) (p = .021). Linear regression analyses showed that TSNA levels varied by manufacturer over time in whole tobacco for NAT, NNK, and NNN (p < .001 for all), and in smoke emissions for NAB, NAT, NNK, and NNN (p < .001 for all).ConclusionsThe findings indicate that levels of TSNAs in whole tobacco and smoke emissions of cigarettes sold in Canada increased from 2007 through 2011/12, following initial reductions over the previous 2 years. Differences in TSNA levels between companies raise questions about manufacturing practices that may be responsible for these changes. Although increased levels of carcinogenic TSNAs may be alarming, it remains unclear whether these differences translate into differences in health risk.ImplicationsThe wide variation of TSNAs within the Canadian market across time and across cigarette companies demonstrates the feasibility of reducing the levels of these potent carcinogens. Although it is unclear whether changes made to levels of TSNAs will result in less tobacco-related disease, the tobacco industry bears a responsibility to minimize the harm from smoking to the fullest extent possible.

Dataset Information

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of U.S. Commercial Cigarettes.

Publications

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of U.S. Commercial Cigarettes.

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