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Comprehensive characterization of mainstream marijuana and tobacco smoke.

ABSTRACT: Recent increases in marijuana use and legalization without adequate knowledge of the risks necessitate the characterization of the billions of nanoparticles contained in each puff of smoke. Tobacco smoke offers a benchmark given that it has been extensively studied. Tobacco and marijuana smoke particles are quantitatively similar in volatility, shape, density and number concentration, albeit with differences in size, total mass and chemical composition. Particles from marijuana smoke are on average 29% larger in mobility diameter than particles from tobacco smoke and contain 3.4× more total mass. New measurements of semi-volatile fractions determine over 97% of the mass and volume of the particles from either smoke source are comprised of semi-volatile compounds. For tobacco and marijuana smoke, respectively, 4350 and 2575 different compounds are detected, of which, 670 and 536 (231 in common) are tentatively identified, and of these, 173 and 110 different compounds (69 in common) are known to cause negative health effects through carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, or other toxic mechanisms. This study demonstrates striking similarities between marijuana and tobacco smoke in terms of their physical and chemical properties.

SUBMITTER: Graves BM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7188852 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Comprehensive characterization of mainstream marijuana and tobacco smoke.

Graves Brian M BM Johnson Tyler J TJ Nishida Robert T RT Dias Ryan P RP Savareear Benjamin B Harynuk James J JJ Kazemimanesh Mohsen M Olfert Jason S JS Boies Adam M AM

Scientific reports 20200428 1

Recent increases in marijuana use and legalization without adequate knowledge of the risks necessitate the characterization of the billions of nanoparticles contained in each puff of smoke. Tobacco smoke offers a benchmark given that it has been extensively studied. Tobacco and marijuana smoke particles are quantitatively similar in volatility, shape, density and number concentration, albeit with differences in size, total mass and chemical composition. Particles from marijuana smoke are on aver ...[more]

PMID: 32345986

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Project description:IntroductionWaterpipe use remains popular among youth with the availability of flavored shisha tobacco being one of the main drivers of waterpipe use. Although waterpipe mainstream toxicant emissions are well understood, less is known about the carryover of flavorants such as vanillin, benzaldehyde, and eugenol. In this study, flavored waterpipe tobacco was analyzed for flavorants and nicotine, and subsequent carryover to mainstream smoke.MethodsFlavorants vanillin, benzaldehyde, and eugenol, and nicotine were quantified in vanilla-, cherry-, and cinnamon-flavored shisha tobacco by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector and subsequently in waterpipe mainstream smoke generated by a smoking machine. The setup allowed for sampling before and after the water-filtration step.ResultsFlavorant and nicotine content in smoke was reduced 3- to 10-fold and 1.4- to 3.1-fold, respectively, due to water filtration. Per-puff content of filtered waterpipe mainstream smoke ranged from 13 to 46 µg/puff for nicotine and from 6 to 55 µg/puff for flavorants.ConclusionsAlthough water filtration reduced flavor and nicotine content in waterpipe mainstream smoke, the detected flavorant concentrations were similar or higher to those previously reported in e-cigarette aerosol. Therefore, users could be drawn to waterpipes due to similar flavor appeal as popular e-cigarette products. Absolute nicotine content of waterpipe smoke was lower than in e-cigarette aerosol, but the differential use patterns of waterpipe (>100 puffs/session) and e-cigarette (mostly <10 puffs/session, multiple session throughout the day) probably result in higher flavorant and nicotine exposure during a waterpipe session. Strategies to reduce youth introduction and exposure to nicotine via waterpipe use may consider similar flavor restrictions as those for e-cigarettes.ImplicationsAlthough waterpipe mainstream smoke is well characterized for toxicants content, little is known about carryover of molecules relevant for appeal and addiction: flavorants and nicotine. This study shows that flavorant content of waterpipe mainstream smoke is comparable or higher than e-cigarette aerosol flavorant content. Regulatory action to address tobacco use behaviors targeting the availability of flavors should also include other tobacco products such as flavored shisha tobacco.

Project description:Like tobacco smoking, habitual marijuana smoking causes numerous adverse pulmonary effects. However, the mechanisms of action involved, especially as compared to tobacco smoke, are still unclear. To uncover putative modes of action, this study employed a toxicogenomics approach to compare the toxicological pathways perturbed following exposure to marijuana and tobacco smoke condensate in vitro. Condensates of mainstream smoke from hand-rolled tobacco and marijuana cigarettes were similarly prepared using identical smoking conditions. Murine lung epithelial cells were exposed to low, medium and high concentrations of the smoke condensates for 6 hr. RNA was extracted immediately or after a 4-hr recovery period and hybridized to mouse whole genome microarrays. Tobacco smoke condensate (TSC) exposure was associated with changes in xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage response. These same pathways were also significantly affected following marijuana smoke condensate (MSC) exposure. Although the effects of the condensates were largely similar, dose-response analysis indicates that the MSC is substantially more potent than TSC. In addition, steroid biosynthesis, apoptosis, and inflammation pathways were more significantly affected following MSC exposure, whereas m-phase cell cycle pathways were more significantly affected following TSC exposure. MSC exposure also appeared to elicit more severe oxidative stress than TSC exposure, which may account for the greater cytotoxicity of MSC. This study shows that in general, MSC impacts many of the same molecular processes as TSC. However, subtle pathway differences can provide insight into the differential toxicities of the two complex mixtures. Murine epithelial lung cells were exposed to tobacco smoke condensates (0, 25, 50, 90 Î¼g/ml) or marijuana smoke condensates (0, 2.5, 5, 10 Î¼g/ml) in serum-free medium for a six hour period. Following the six-hour exposure, cells were either harvested immediately or washed with phosphate-buffered saline and incubated in fresh serum-free medium for a four hour recovery period. Total RNA was extracted from the cells and hybridized against Universal Mouse Reference RNA (Agilent Technologies Canada, Inc.) to Agilent whole mouse genome microarray slides containing 44,000 transcripts. A LOWESS normalization was applied to expression results, and statistically significant genes were identified using the R library MAANOVA. Microarray results were validated by real time RT-PCR.

Project description:Mainstream tobacco smoke is a complex and dynamic aerosol, consisting of particulate and vapour phases. Most approaches to determine mainstream smoke toxicant yields are based on offline techniques that limit the opportunity to observe in real time the processes leading to smoke formation. The recent development of online real-time analytical methods offers many advantages over traditional techniques. Here we report the LM2X-TOFMS (Borgwaldt GmbH, Germany), a commercial instrument that couples a linear smoking engine with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer for real-time per-puff measurement of the vapour phase of mainstream cigarette smoke. Total cigarette and puff-by-puff (?g/puff) yields were evaluated, in line with International Council of Harmonisation recommendations, for seven smoke toxicants: acetaldehyde, acetone, 1,3-butadiene, 2-butanone, benzene, isoprene and toluene. Measurements were unaffected by small system changes including replacing the sampling capillary or time of day (all P?>?0.05), indicating that the LM2X-TOFMS is rugged. Control charts showed that the system has good stability and control. Analysis of certified gas mixtures of six concentrations of each analyte showed a highly linear response for all seven analytes (R2?=?0.9922-0.9999). In terms of repeatability, the lowest variation was observed for isoprene with a coefficient of variation (CV) of <?6% for each concentration. Acetaldehyde showed the highest CV, increasing from 8.0 to 26.6% with decreasing gas concentration. Accuracy was analysed in terms of relative error, which was ±?16% for six of the analytes; however, the relative error for acetaldehyde was (-?36.2%), probably due to its low ionisation efficiency under the instrument's vacuum ultraviolet lamp. Three cigarette products (reference and commercial) with different ISO tar levels were analysed by the LM2X-TOFMS puff by puff under ISO regulatory smoking conditions. The relative standard deviation based on average yield per cigarette for each analyte in each product (summed puffs per product, n?=?30) ranged from ??9.3 to ??16.2%. Measurements were consistent with published data per cigarette. In conclusion, the LM2X-TOFMS is suitable for determining the vapour-phase yields of seven analytes on a real-time, puff-by-puff basis, and can be utilised for both fast screening (qualitative) and quantitative measurements of mainstream cigarette smoke.

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Comprehensive characterization of mainstream marijuana and tobacco smoke.

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Comprehensive characterization of mainstream marijuana and tobacco smoke.

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