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A comprehensive transcriptional map of primate brain development.

ABSTRACT: The transcriptional underpinnings of brain development remain poorly understood, particularly in humans and closely related non-human primates. We describe a high-resolution transcriptional atlas of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) brain development that combines dense temporal sampling of prenatal and postnatal periods with fine anatomical division of cortical and subcortical regions associated with human neuropsychiatric disease. Gene expression changes more rapidly before birth, both in progenitor cells and maturing neurons. Cortical layers and areas acquire adult-like molecular profiles surprisingly late in postnatal development. Disparate cell populations exhibit distinct developmental timing of gene expression, but also unexpected synchrony of processes underlying neural circuit construction including cell projection and adhesion. Candidate risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders including primary microcephaly, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia show disease-specific spatiotemporal enrichment within developing neocortex. Human developmental expression trajectories are more similar to monkey than rodent, although approximately 9% of genes show human-specific regulation with evidence for prolonged maturation or neoteny compared to monkey.

SUBMITTER: Bakken TE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5325728 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A comprehensive transcriptional map of primate brain development.

Bakken Trygve E TE Miller Jeremy A JA Ding Song-Lin SL Sunkin Susan M SM Smith Kimberly A KA Ng Lydia L Szafer Aaron A Dalley Rachel A RA Royall Joshua J JJ Lemon Tracy T Shapouri Sheila S Aiona Kaylynn K Arnold James J Bennett Jeffrey L JL Bertagnolli Darren D Bickley Kristopher K Boe Andrew A Brouner Krissy K Butler Stephanie S Byrnes Emi E Caldejon Shiella S Carey Anita A Cate Shelby S Chapin Mike M Chen Jefferey J Dee Nick N Desta Tsega T Dolbeare Tim A TA Dotson Nadia N Ebbert Amanda A Fulfs Erich E Gee Garrett G Gilbert Terri L TL Goldy Jeff J Gourley Lindsey L Gregor Ben B Gu Guangyu G Hall Jon J Haradon Zeb Z Haynor David R DR Hejazinia Nika N Hoerder-Suabedissen Anna A Howard Robert R Jochim Jay J Kinnunen Marty M Kriedberg Ali A Kuan Chihchau L CL Lau Christopher C Lee Chang-Kyu CK Lee Felix F Luong Lon L Mastan Naveed N May Ryan R Melchor Jose J Mosqueda Nerick N Mott Erika E Ngo Kiet K Nyhus Julie J Oldre Aaron A Olson Eric E Parente Jody J Parker Patrick D PD Parry Sheana S Pendergraft Julie J Potekhina Lydia L Reding Melissa M Riley Zackery L ZL Roberts Tyson T Rogers Brandon B Roll Kate K Rosen David D Sandman David D Sarreal Melaine M Shapovalova Nadiya N Shi Shu S Sjoquist Nathan N Sodt Andy J AJ Townsend Robbie R Velasquez Lissette L Wagley Udi U Wakeman Wayne B WB White Cassandra C Bennett Crissa C Wu Jennifer J Young Rob R Youngstrom Brian L BL Wohnoutka Paul P Gibbs Richard A RA Rogers Jeffrey J Hohmann John G JG Hawrylycz Michael J MJ Hevner Robert F RF Molnár Zoltán Z Phillips John W JW Dang Chinh C Jones Allan R AR Amaral David G DG Bernard Amy A Lein Ed S ES

Nature 20160713 7612

The transcriptional underpinnings of brain development remain poorly understood, particularly in humans and closely related non-human primates. We describe a high-resolution transcriptional atlas of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) brain development that combines dense temporal sampling of prenatal and postnatal periods with fine anatomical division of cortical and subcortical regions associated with human neuropsychiatric disease. Gene expression changes more rapidly before birth, both in progeni ...[more]

PMID: 27409810

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Project description:BackgroundSkin development is a complex process that is influenced by many factors. Pig skin is used as an ideal material for xenografts because it is more anatomically and physiologically similar to human skin. It has been shown that the skin development of different pig breeds is different, and some Chinese pig breeds have the characteristics of skin thickness and facial skin folds, but the specific regulatory mechanism of this skin development is not yet clear.MethodsIn this study, the facial skin of Chenghua sows in the four developmental stages of postnatal Day 3 (D3) , Day 90 (D90) , Day 180 (D180), and Year 3 (Y3) were used as experimental materials, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was used to explore the changes in RNA expression in skin development at the four developmental stages, determine the differentially expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), and perform functional analysis of related genes by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses.ResultsA pairwise comparison of the four developmental stages identified several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and found that the number of differentially expressed RNAs (DE RNAs) increased with increasing developmental time intervals. Elastin (ELN) is an important component of the skin. Its content affects the relaxation of the epidermis and dermal connection, and its expression is continuously downregulated during the four developmental stages. The functions of DEGs at different developmental stages were examined by performing GO and KEGG analyses, and the GO terms and enrichment pathways of mRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs highly overlapped, among which the PPAR signaling pathway, a classical pathway for skin development, was enriched by DEGs of D3 vs. D180, D90 vs. D180 and D180 vs. Y3. In addition, we constructed lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA and circRNA-miRNA interaction networks and found genes that may be associated with skin development, but their interactions need further study.ConclusionsWe identified a number of genes associated with skin development, performed functional analyses on some important DEGs and constructed interaction networks that facilitate further studies of skin development.

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A comprehensive transcriptional map of primate brain development.

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A comprehensive transcriptional map of primate brain development.

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