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Exaggerated CpH methylation in the autism-affected brain.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:The etiology of autism, a complex, heritable, neurodevelopmental disorder, remains largely unexplained. Given the unexplained risk and recent evidence supporting a role for epigenetic mechanisms in the development of autism, we explored the role of CpG and CpH (H?=?A, C, or T) methylation within the autism-affected cortical brain tissue. METHODS:Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) was completed, and analysis was carried out in 63 post-mortem cortical brain samples (Brodmann area 19) from 29 autism-affected and 34 control individuals. Analyses to identify single sites that were differentially methylated and to identify any global methylation alterations at either CpG or CpH sites throughout the genome were carried out. RESULTS:We report that while no individual site or region of methylation was significantly associated with autism after multi-test correction, methylated CpH dinucleotides were markedly enriched in autism-affected brains (~2-fold enrichment at p?

SUBMITTER: Ellis SE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5351204 | biostudies-literature | 2017

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Exaggerated CpH methylation in the autism-affected brain.

Ellis Shannon E SE Gupta Simone S Moes Anna A West Andrew B AB Arking Dan E DE

Molecular autism 20170217

<h4>Background</h4>The etiology of autism, a complex, heritable, neurodevelopmental disorder, remains largely unexplained. Given the unexplained risk and recent evidence supporting a role for epigenetic mechanisms in the development of autism, we explored the role of CpG and CpH (H = A, C, or T) methylation within the autism-affected cortical brain tissue.<h4>Methods</h4>Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) was completed, and analysis was carried out in 63 post-mortem cortical brai ...[more]

PMID: 28316770

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Evolution of CpH methylation in vertebrate brains

Project description:The brain requires complex mechanisms of genome regulation to encode and store behavioural information. In mammals, DNA methylation deposited at non-CG dinucleotides characterises brain epigenomes. However, it is unclear to what extent this non-canonical form of DNA methylation is evolutionarily conserved. To test this we profile brain cytosine methylation across the major vertebrate lineages, amphioxus, honeybee and octopus, finding that non-CG methylation in adult brain methylomes is restricted to vertebrates. In vertebrates, the genomic patterns of non-CG do not recapitulate those of CG methylation, yet both patterns are deeply conserved. Whereas low levels of gene body CG methylation demarcate a set of developmental transcription factors across tissues and species, a distinct set of neurodevelopmental genes accumulate non-CG methylation in neural tissues. We further show that the establishment of this methylation context coincides with the origin of the “writer” of non-CG methylation, the methyltransferase DNMT3A, and the “reader”, the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), fuelled by the ancestral whole genome duplication in vertebrates. Surprisingly, MeCP2 evolved in a stepwise process, from an ancestral MBD4 protein with a dual role in transcriptional regulation and DNA repair in chordates. In sum, we show how a novel neural epigenomic layer assembled at the root of vertebrates and gained new regulatory roles partly independent from CG methylation, which could have fostered the sophisticated cognitive repertoires found in the vertebrate lineage.

2020-10-26 | GSE141609 | GEO

Fecal DNA methylation signatures marking gut dysbiosis and inflammation in children affected by autism spectrum disorders

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Fecal DNA methylation signatures marking gut dysbiosis and inflammation in children affected by autism spectrum disorders

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Exaggerated translation causes synaptic and behavioural aberrations associated with autism.

Project description:Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are an early onset, heterogeneous group of heritable neuropsychiatric disorders with symptoms that include deficits in social interaction skills, impaired communication abilities, and ritualistic-like repetitive behaviours. One of the hypotheses for a common molecular mechanism underlying ASDs is altered translational control resulting in exaggerated protein synthesis. Genetic variants in chromosome 4q, which contains the EIF4E locus, have been described in patients with autism. Importantly, a rare single nucleotide polymorphism has been identified in autism that is associated with increased promoter activity in the EIF4E gene. Here we show that genetically increasing the levels of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in mice results in exaggerated cap-dependent translation and aberrant behaviours reminiscent of autism, including repetitive and perseverative behaviours and social interaction deficits. Moreover, these autistic-like behaviours are accompanied by synaptic pathophysiology in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. The autistic-like behaviours displayed by the eIF4E-transgenic mice are corrected by intracerebroventricular infusions of the cap-dependent translation inhibitor 4EGI-1. Our findings demonstrate a causal relationship between exaggerated cap-dependent translation, synaptic dysfunction and aberrant behaviours associated with autism.

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Project description:Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with a strong genetic link, but no single well-established cause. This suggests that perturbed regulatory network may better explain its heterogeneity of phenotypes and multiple gene associations. Consistently, our previous study provided evidence of abnormal alternative polyadenylation in transcripts from distinct brain regions suggesting a potential imbalance in the protein synthesis in the postsynaptic density. To test this hypothesis, we studied transcriptome-wide alterations of mRNA translation in post-mortem brain samples from neurotypical and ASD-affected young males subjects. To this end, we employed an optimised polysome profiling technique amendable for small tissue samples and analyzed changes in the translatome using the anota2seq algorithm. The analysis revealed bolstered translation of mRNAs whose translational efficiency was previously reported to be sensitive to eIF4E, a key factor for synaptic protein synthesis modulated by Ras/ERK and PI3K/mTOR signaling pathways. This observation is consistent with previous findings linking hyperactive eIF4E to increased translation of neuroligins, a disturbed excitation/inhibition ratio in synapses and autistic-like phenotypes in mice. In summary, we reveal a link between eIF4E-dependent translation and human autism, indicating a potential pharmacy-therapeutical target for the prevention of behavioral impairments in ASD.

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Divergent neuronal DNA methylation patterns across human cortical development reveal critical periods and a unique role of CpH methylation.

Project description:BackgroundDNA methylation (DNAm) is a critical regulator of both development and cellular identity and shows unique patterns in neurons. To better characterize maturational changes in DNAm patterns in these cells, we profile the DNAm landscape at single-base resolution across the first two decades of human neocortical development in NeuN+ neurons using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and compare them to non-neurons (primarily glia) and prenatal homogenate cortex.ResultsWe show that DNAm changes more dramatically during the first 5 years of postnatal life than during the entire remaining period. We further refine global patterns of increasingly divergent neuronal CpG and CpH methylation (mCpG and mCpH) into six developmental trajectories and find that in contrast to genome-wide patterns, neighboring mCpG and mCpH levels within these regions are highly correlated. We integrate paired RNA-seq data and identify putative regulation of hundreds of transcripts and their splicing events exclusively by mCpH levels, independently from mCpG levels, across this period. We finally explore the relationship between DNAm patterns and development of brain-related phenotypes and find enriched heritability for many phenotypes within identified DNAm features.ConclusionsBy profiling DNAm changes in NeuN-sorted neurons over the span of human cortical development, we identify novel, dynamic regions of DNAm that would be masked in homogenate DNAm data; expand on the relationship between CpG methylation, CpH methylation, and gene expression; and find enrichment particularly for neuropsychiatric diseases in genomic regions with cell type-specific, developmentally dynamic DNAm patterns.

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Project description:Evolution of CpH methylation in vertebrate brains

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