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Cryptosporidiosis in children in the Indian subcontinent.

ABSTRACT: Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of diarrheal disease among children under two in developing countries. Previous estimates have shown a high burden of cryptosporidial diarrhea in children from Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Asymptomatic cryptosporidial infections which go undetected and untreated have been shown to result in significant malnutrition. In this review, we carried out a literature search of studies published on cryptosporidiosis in children in the Indian subcontinent from 1983 to 2016. Of the 154 publications identified, 54 were included for final analysis with both hospital-based and community-based studies. There were wide variations in reported prevalence rates from hospital studies and highlight the need to be carry out these studies with uniform sampling and molecular tools for detection, especially in countries with a dearth of information. Community-based studies, however, showed similarities in spite of differences in when (the late 1990s up until recently) and where (South India or Bangladesh) they were conducted. When more sensitive detection methods were used, cryptosporidial diarrhea accounted for 7%-9% of all diarrhea episodes and 20%-30% of children in these cohorts experienced at least one cryptosporidial diarrheal episode. High rates of asymptomatic infections with increased detection by serology and multiple infections (symptomatic and asymptomatic) were also documented in all cohorts. This overview brings to light the high burden of disease associated with cryptosporidiosis in children in the subcontinent and the gaps in knowledge to be addressed.

SUBMITTER: Murugesan M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5369269 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jan-Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cryptosporidiosis in children in the Indian subcontinent.

Murugesan Malathi M Ganesan Santhosh Kumar SK Ajjampur Sitara Sr SS

Tropical parasitology 20170101 1

Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of diarrheal disease among children under two in developing countries. Previous estimates have shown a high burden of cryptosporidial diarrhea in children from Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Asymptomatic cryptosporidial infections which go undetected and untreated have been shown to result in significant malnutrition. In this review, we carried out a literature search of studies published on cryptosporidiosis in children in the Indian subcontinent from 19 ...[more]

PMID: 28459011

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Project description:BackgroundPlasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human malaria parasite and accounts for approximately the same number of malaria cases as Plasmodium falciparum in India. Compared with P. falciparum, P. vivax is difficult to eradicate because of its tendency to cause relapses, which impacts treatment and control strategies. The genetic diversity of these parasites, particularly of the merozoite surface protein-3 alpha (msp-3α) gene, can be used to help develop a potential vaccine. The present study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of P. vivax using the highly polymorphic antigen gene msp-3α and to assess the suitability of using this gene for population genetic studies of P. vivax isolates and was carried out in 2004-06. No recent study has been reported for MSP 3α in the recent decade in India. Limited reports are available on the genetic diversity of the P. vivax population in India; hence, this report aimed to improve the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of the parasite by studying the P. vivax msp-3α (Pvmsp-3α) marker from P. vivax field isolates from India.MethodsField isolates were collected from different sites distributed across eight states in India. A total of 182 blood samples were analysed by a nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique using the HhaI and AluI restriction enzymes to determine genetic msp-3α variation among clinical P. vivax isolates.ResultsBased on the length variants of the PCR products of Pvmsp-3α gene, three allele sizes, Type A (1.8 kb), Type B (1.5 kb) and Type C (1.2 kb) were detected among the 182 samples. Type A PCR amplicon was more predominant (75.4 %) in the samples compared with the Type B (14.3 %) and Type C (10.0 %) polymorphisms. Among all of the samples analysed, 8.2 % were mixed infections detected by PCR alone. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis involving the restriction enzymes AluI and HhaI generated fragment sizes that were highly polymorphic and revealed substantial diversity at the nucleotide level.ConclusionsThe present study is the first extensive study in India using the Pvmsp-3α marker. The results indicated that Pvmps-3α, a polymorphic genetic marker of P. vivax, exhibited considerable variability in infection prevalence in field isolates from India. Additionally, the mean multiplicity of infection observed at all of the study sites indicated that P. vivax is highly diverse in nature in India, and Pvmsp-3α is likely an effective and promising epidemiological marker.

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Cryptosporidiosis in children in the Indian subcontinent.

Publications

Cryptosporidiosis in children in the Indian subcontinent.

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