Combining two repurposed drugs as a promising approach for Alzheimer's disease therapy.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Chumakov I
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5378993 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Aim/hypothesisThe complexity and heterogeneity of multiple pathological features make Alzheimer's disease (AD) a major culprit to global health. Drug repurposing is an inexpensive and reliable approach to redirect the existing drugs for new indications. The current study aims to study the possibility of repurposing approved anticancer drugs for AD treatment. We proposed an in silico pipeline based on "omics" data mining that combines genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics studies. We aimed to validate the neuroprotective properties of repurposed drugs and to identify the possible mechanism of action of the proposed drugs in AD.ResultsWe generated a list of AD-related genes and then searched DrugBank database and Therapeutic Target Database to find anticancer drugs related to potential AD targets. Specifically, we researched the available approved anticancer drugs and excluded the information of investigational and experimental drugs. We developed a computational pipeline to prioritize the anticancer drugs having a close association with AD targets. From data mining, we generated a list of 2914 AD-related genes and obtained 49 potential druggable targets by functional enrichment analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) studies for these genes revealed 641 interactions. We found that 15 AD risk/direct PPI genes were associated with 30 approved oncology drugs. The computational validation of candidate drug-target interactions, structural and functional analysis, investigation of related molecular mechanisms, and literature-based analysis resulted in four repurposing candidates, of which three drugs were epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors.ConclusionOur computational drug repurposing approach proposed EGFR inhibitors as potential repurposing drugs for AD. Consequently, our proposed framework could be used for drug repurposing for different indications in an economical and efficient way.
| S-EPMC8173619 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe relationship between cancer and dementia is triggering growing research interest. Several preclinical studies have provided the biological rationale for the repurposing of specific anticancer agents in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and a growing number of research protocols are testing their efficacy and safety/tolerability in patients with AD.MethodsThe aim of the present systematic review was to provide an overview on the repurposing of approved anticancer drugs in clinical trials for AD by considering both ongoing and completed research protocols in all phases. In parallel, a systematic literature review was conducted on PubMed, ISI Web, and the Cochrane Library to identify published clinical studies on repurposed anticancer agents in AD.ResultsBased on a structured search on the ClinicalTrials.gov and the EudraCT databases, we identified 13 clinical trials testing 11 different approved anticancer agents (five tyrosine kinase inhibitors, two retinoid X receptor agonists, two immunomodulatory agents, one histone deacetylase inhibitor, and one monoclonal antibody) in the AD continuum. The systematic literature search led to the identification of five published studies (one phase I, three phase II, and one phase IIb/III) reporting the effects of antitumoral treatments in patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD dementia. The clinical findings and the methodological characteristics of these studies are described and discussed.ConclusionAnticancer agents are triggering growing interest in the context of repurposed therapies in AD. Several clinical trials are underway, and data are expected to be available in the near future. To date, data emerging from published clinical studies are controversial. The promising results emerging from preclinical studies and identified research protocols should be confirmed and extended by larger, adequately designed, and high-quality clinical trials.
| S-EPMC8101105 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and nerve cell death that affects, mainly, older people. After decades of investigation, the search for an efficacious treatment for AD remains and several strategies can be and are being employed in this journey. In this review, four of the most promising strategies, alongside with its most promising agents under investigation or development are highlighted. Marine natural products (MNP) are a source of unique chemical structures with useful biological activities for AD treatment. One of the most promising compounds, a marine-derived acidic oligosaccharide (GV-971) just passed phase III clinical trials with a unique mechanism of action. Combination therapy and multitargeted-directed ligand therapy (MTDL) are also two important strategies, with several examples in clinical trials, based on the belief that the best approach for AD is a therapy capable of modulating multiple target pathways. Drug repurposing, a strategy that requires a smaller investment and is less time consuming, is emerging as a strong contender with a variety of pharmacological agents resurfacing in an attempt to identify a therapeutic candidate capable of modifying the course of this disease.
| S-EPMC7558913 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A series of benzimidazole-based Schiff base derivatives (1-18) were synthesized and structurally elucidated through 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HREI-MS analysis. Subsequently, these synthetic derivatives were subjected to evaluation for their inhibitory capabilities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). All these derivatives showed significant inhibition against AChE with an IC50 value in the range of 123.9 ± 10.20 to 342.60 ± 10.60 µM and BuChE in the range of 131.30 ± 9.70 to 375.80 ± 12.80 µM in comparison with standard Donepezil, which has IC50 values of 243.76 ± 5.70 µM (AChE) and 276.60 ± 6.50 µM (BuChE), respectively. Compounds 3, 5 and 9 exhibited potent inhibition against both AChE and BuChE. Molecular docking studies were used to validate and establish the structure-activity relationship of the synthesized derivatives.
| S-EPMC10535318 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We describe herein the design, multicomponent synthesis and biological studies of new donepezil?+?chromone?+?melatonin hybrids as potential agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy. We have identified compound 14n as promising multitarget small molecule showing strong BuChE inhibition (IC50?=?11.90?±?0.05?nM), moderate hAChE (IC50?=?1.73?±?0.34??M), hMAO A (IC50?=?2.78?±?0.12??M), and MAO B (IC50?=?21.29?±?3.85??M) inhibition, while keeping a strong antioxidant power (3.04 TE, ORAC test). Consequently, the results reported here support the development of new multitarget Donepezil?+?Chromone?+?Melatonin hybrids, such as compound 14n, as a potential drug for AD patients cure.
| S-EPMC6366423 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundTreatments are needed to address the growing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical trials have failed to produce any AD drugs for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval since 2003, and the pharmaceutical development process is both time-consuming and costly. Drug repurposing provides an opportunity to accelerate this process by investigating the AD-related effects of agents approved for other indications. These drugs have known safety profiles, pharmacokinetic characterization, formulations, doses, and manufacturing processes.MethodsWe assessed repurposed AD therapies represented in Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III of the current AD pipeline as registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as of February 27, 2020.ResultsWe identified 53 clinical trials involving 58 FDA-approved agents. Seventy-eight percent of the agents in trials had putative disease-modifying mechanisms of action. Of the repurposed drugs in the pipeline 20% are hematologic-oncologic agents, 18% are drugs derived from cardiovascular indications, 14% are agents with psychiatric uses, 12% are drug used to treat diabetes, 10% are neurologic agents, and the remaining 26% of drugs fall under other conditions. Intellectual property strategies utilized in these programs included using the same drug but altering doses, routes of administration, or formulations. Most repurposing trials were supported by Academic Medical Centers and were not funded through the biopharmaceutical industry. We compared our results to a European trial registry and found results similar to those derived from ClinicalTrials.gov.ConclusionsDrug repurposing is a common approach to AD drug development and represents 39% of trials in the current AD pipeline. Therapies from many disease areas provide agents potentially useful in AD. Most of the repurposed agents are generic and a variety of intellectual property strategies have been adopted to enhance their economic value.
| S-EPMC7433208 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The risk of AD increases with age. Although two of the main pathological features of AD, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, were already recognized by Alois Alzheimer at the beginning of the 20th century, the pathogenesis of the disease remains unsettled. Therapeutic approaches targeting plaques or tangles have not yet resulted in satisfactory improvements in AD treatment. This may, in part, be due to early-onset and late-onset AD pathogenesis being underpinned by different mechanisms. Most animal models of AD are generated from gene mutations involved in early onset familial AD, accounting for only 1% of all cases, which may consequently complicate our understanding of AD mechanisms. In this article, the authors discuss the pathogenesis of AD according to the two main neuropathologies, including senescence-related mechanisms and possible treatments using stem cells, namely mesenchymal and neural stem cells.
| S-EPMC4661820 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. The early stages of AD are characterized by short-term memory loss. Once the disease progresses, patients experience difficulties in sense of direction, oral communication, calculation, ability to learn, and cognitive thinking. The median duration of the disease is 10 years. The pathology is characterized by deposition of amyloid beta peptide (so-called senile plaques) and tau protein in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. Currently, two classes of drugs are licensed by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of AD, ie, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for mild to moderate AD, and memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, for moderate and severe AD. Treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or memantine aims at slowing progression and controlling symptoms, whereas drugs under development are intended to modify the pathologic steps leading to AD. Herein, we review the clinical features, pharmacologic properties, and cost-effectiveness of the available acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, and focus on disease-modifying drugs aiming to interfere with the amyloid beta peptide, including vaccination, passive immunization, and tau deposition.
| S-EPMC3862506 | biostudies-other
Project description:The pulmonary delivery of antitubercular drugs is a promising approach to treat lung tuberculosis. This strategy not only allows targeting the infected organ instantly, it can also reduce the systemic adverse effects of the antibiotics. In light of that, this work aimed at producing fucoidan-based inhalable microparticles that are able to associate a combination of two first-line antitubercular drugs in a single formulation. Fucoidan is a polysaccharide composed of chemical units that have been reported to be specifically recognised by alveolar macrophages (the hosts of Mycobacterium). Inhalable fucoidan microparticles were successfully produced, effectively associating isoniazid (97%) and rifabutin (95%) simultaneously. Furthermore, the produced microparticles presented adequate aerodynamic properties for pulmonary delivery with potential to reach the respiratory zone, with a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) between 3.6⁻3.9 µm. The formulation evidenced no cytotoxic effects on lung epithelial cells (A549), although mild toxicity was observed on macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells at the highest tested concentration (1 mg/mL). Fucoidan microparticles also exhibited a propensity to be captured by macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, as well as an ability to activate the target cells. Furthermore, drug-loaded microparticles effectively inhibited mycobacterial growth in vitro. Thus, the produced fucoidan microparticles are considered to hold potential as pulmonary delivery systems for the treatment of tuberculosis.
| S-EPMC6403622 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Parkinson disease (PD) treatment options have conventionally focused on dopamine replacement and provision of symptomatic relief. Current treatments cause undesirable adverse effects, and a large unmet clinical need remains for treatments that offer disease modification and that address symptoms resistant to levodopa. Advances in high-throughput drug screening methods for small molecules, developments in disease modelling and improvements in analytical technologies have collectively contributed to the emergence of novel compounds, repurposed drugs and new technologies. In this Review, we focus on disease-modifying and symptomatic therapies under development for PD. We review cellular therapies and repurposed drugs, such as nilotinib, inosine, isradipine, iron chelators and anti-inflammatories, and discuss how their success in preclinical models has paved the way for clinical trials. We provide an update on immunotherapies and vaccines. In addition, we review non-pharmacological interventions targeting motor symptoms, including gene therapy, adaptive deep brain stimulation (DBS) and optogenetically inspired DBS. Given the many clinical phenotypes of PD, individualization of therapy and precision of treatment are likely to become important in the future.
| S-EPMC7758837 | biostudies-literature