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Structural integrity between executive control and reward regions of the brain predicts body fat percentage in chronic dieters.

ABSTRACT: Failure to maintain a healthy body weight may reflect a long-term imbalance between the executive control and reward systems of the brain. The current study examined whether the anatomical connectivity between these two systems predicted individual variability in achieving a healthy body weight, particularly in chronic dieters. Thirty-six female chronic dieters completed a food-cue reactivity task in the scanner. Two regions-of-interest (ROIs) were defined from the reactivity task: the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), which engages cognitive control and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), which represents reward value. A white matter tract connecting these two ROIs was identified across participants using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and probabilistic tractography. Results showed a negative relationship between body fat percentage and white matter integrity within the identified tract. This suggests that reduced structural integrity between the OFC and IFG may be related to self-regulatory problems for those who chronically diet to control body weight.

SUBMITTER: Chen PA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5388584 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Structural integrity between executive control and reward regions of the brain predicts body fat percentage in chronic dieters.

Chen Pin-Hao Andy PA Chavez Robert S RS Heatherton Todd F TF

Cognitive neuroscience 20161011 3

Failure to maintain a healthy body weight may reflect a long-term imbalance between the executive control and reward systems of the brain. The current study examined whether the anatomical connectivity between these two systems predicted individual variability in achieving a healthy body weight, particularly in chronic dieters. Thirty-six female chronic dieters completed a food-cue reactivity task in the scanner. Two regions-of-interest (ROIs) were defined from the reactivity task: the inferior ...[more]

PMID: 27663021

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Project description:BackgroundAccurate obesity classification is important so that appropriate intervention can be instituted to modify metabolic risk factors. Commonly utilized body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (PBF) are influenced by lean mass whereas fat mass index (FMI) measures only body fat. This study compares the prevalence of obesity and metabolic risk factors with FMI, BMI and PBF using DXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry).Methods489 women randomly recruited from the electoral roll were stratified into 4 age groups; 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and 70-79 years from 2000 to 2001. Clinical data and DXA body composition were obtained. Statistical analyses were performed using Medcalc v15 (Ostend, Belgium) with significance level at p = 0.05 (two-tailed).ResultsThere was higher prevalence of obesity using PBF compared to BMI and FMI (p<0.001). This difference was greater from age 50-59 (p<0.05) which may be explained by age-related lean mass loss. PBF over-classified obesity in over 35% of normal and 95% of overweight categories compared to FMI and BMI. BMI has a sensitivity of 78.9% and specificity of 98.3% for obesity using FMI as the standard. BMI under-classified obesity in the overweight category by 14.9% compared to FMI. There was no difference in diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and metabolic syndrome prevalence within the BMI-obesity and FMI-obesity categories (p>0.05).ConclusionPBF classified more obesity than BMI and FMI because of its low pre-determined threshold. The greater difference with PBF compared to BMI and FMI from the 50-59 decade onwards can be attributed to age-related lean mass loss. BMI had the lowest sensitivity for obesity diagnosis. BMI under-classified obesity in the overweight category compared to FMI due to its inability to differentiate lean mass. However, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of metabolic risk factors between BMI and FMI-obesity categories indicating that fat location may influence metabolic dysregulation.

Project description:IntroductionBiological sex influences both overall adiposity and fat distribution. Further, testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) influence adiposity and metabolic function, with differential effects of testosterone in men and women. Here, we aimed to perform sex-stratified genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of body fat percentage (BFPAdj) (adjusting for testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)) to increase statistical power.MethodsGWAS were performed in white British individuals from the UK Biobank (157,937 males and 154,337 females). To avoid collider bias, loci associated with SHBG or testosterone were excluded. We investigated association of BFPAdj loci with high density cholesterol (HDL), triglyceride (TG), type 2 diabetes (T2D), coronary artery disease (CAD), and MRI-derived abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and gluteofemoral adipose tissue (GFAT) using publicly available data from large GWAS. We also performed 2-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) using identified BFPAdj variants as instruments to investigate causal effect of BFPAdj on HDL, TG, T2D and CAD in males and females separately.ResultsWe identified 195 and 174 loci explaining 3.35% and 2.60% of the variation in BFPAdj in males and females, respectively at genome-wide significance (GWS, p<5x10-8). Although the direction of effect at these loci was generally concordant in males and females, only 38 loci were common to both sexes at GWS. Seven loci in males and ten loci in females have not been associated with any adiposity/cardiometabolic traits previously. BFPAdj loci generally did not associate with cardiometabolic traits; several had paradoxically beneficial cardiometabolic effects with favourable fat distribution. MR analyses did not find convincing supportive evidence that increased BFPAdj has deleterious cardiometabolic effects in either sex with highly significant heterogeneity.ConclusionsThere was limited genetic overlap between BFPAdj in males and females at GWS. BFPAdj loci generally did not have adverse cardiometabolic effects which may reflect the effects of favourable fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk modulation by testosterone and SHBG.

Dataset Information

Structural integrity between executive control and reward regions of the brain predicts body fat percentage in chronic dieters.

Publications

Structural integrity between executive control and reward regions of the brain predicts body fat percentage in chronic dieters.

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