Dataset Information

Mitogenome Diversity in Sardinians: A Genetic Window onto an Island's Past.

ABSTRACT: Sardinians are "outliers" in the European genetic landscape and, according to paleogenomic nuclear data, the closest to early European Neolithic farmers. To learn more about their genetic ancestry, we analyzed 3,491 modern and 21 ancient mitogenomes from Sardinia. We observed that 78.4% of modern mitogenomes cluster into 89 haplogroups that most likely arose in situ. For each Sardinian-specific haplogroup (SSH), we also identified the upstream node in the phylogeny, from which non-Sardinian mitogenomes radiate. This provided minimum and maximum time estimates for the presence of each SSH on the island. In agreement with demographic evidence, almost all SSHs coalesce in the post-Nuragic, Nuragic and Neolithic-Copper Age periods. For some rare SSHs, however, we could not dismiss the possibility that they might have been on the island prior to the Neolithic, a scenario that would be in agreement with archeological evidence of a Mesolithic occupation of Sardinia.

SUBMITTER: Olivieri A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5400395 | biostudies-literature | 2017 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Mitogenome Diversity in Sardinians: A Genetic Window onto an Island's Past.

Olivieri Anna A Sidore Carlo C Achilli Alessandro A Angius Andrea A Posth Cosimo C Furtwängler Anja A Brandini Stefania S Capodiferro Marco Rosario MR Gandini Francesca F Zoledziewska Magdalena M Pitzalis Maristella M Maschio Andrea A Busonero Fabio F Lai Luca L Skeates Robin R Gradoli Maria Giuseppina MG Beckett Jessica J Marongiu Michele M Mazzarello Vittorio V Marongiu Patrizia P Rubino Salvatore S Rito Teresa T Macaulay Vincent V Semino Ornella O Pala Maria M Abecasis Gonçalo R GR Schlessinger David D Conde-Sousa Eduardo E Soares Pedro P Richards Martin B MB Cucca Francesco F Torroni Antonio A

Molecular biology and evolution 20170501 5

Sardinians are "outliers" in the European genetic landscape and, according to paleogenomic nuclear data, the closest to early European Neolithic farmers. To learn more about their genetic ancestry, we analyzed 3,491 modern and 21 ancient mitogenomes from Sardinia. We observed that 78.4% of modern mitogenomes cluster into 89 haplogroups that most likely arose in situ. For each Sardinian-specific haplogroup (SSH), we also identified the upstream node in the phylogeny, from which non-Sardinian mito ...[more]

PMID: 28177087

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Project description:BACKGROUND: Past clonal propagation of olive trees is intimately linked to grafting. However, evidence on grafting in ancient trees is scarce, and not much is known about the source of plant material used for rootstocks. Here, the Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker technique was used to study genetic diversity of rootstocks and scions in ancient olive trees from the Levant and its implications for past cultivation of olives. Leaf samples were collected from tree canopies (scions) and shoots growing from the trunk base (suckers). A total of 310 trees were sampled in 32 groves and analyzed with 14 SSR markers. RESULTS: In 82.7% of the trees in which both scion and suckers could be genotyped, these were genetically different, and thus suckers were interpreted to represent the rootstock of grafted trees. Genetic diversity values were much higher among suckers than among scions, and 194 and 87 multi-locus genotypes (MLGs) were found in the two sample groups, respectively. Only five private alleles were found among scions, but 125 among suckers. A frequency analysis revealed a bimodal distribution of genetic distance among MLGs, indicating the presence of somatic mutations within clones. When assuming that MLGs differing by one mutation are identical, scion and sucker MLGs were grouped in 20 and 147 multi-locus lineages (MLLs). The majority of scions (90.0%) belonged to a single common MLL, whereas 50.5% of the suckers were single-sample MLLs. However, one MLL was specific to suckers and found in 63 (22.6%) of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide strong evidence that the majority of olive trees in the study are grafted, that the large majority of scions belong to a single ancient cultivar containing somatic mutations, and that the widespread occurrence of one sucker genotype may imply rootstock selection. For the majority of grafted trees it seems likely that saplings were used as rootstocks; their genetic diversity probably is best explained as the result of a long history of sexual reproduction involving cultivated, feral and wild genotypes.

Dataset Information

Mitogenome Diversity in Sardinians: A Genetic Window onto an Island's Past.

Publications

Mitogenome Diversity in Sardinians: A Genetic Window onto an Island's Past.

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