Improved growth performance, food efficiency, and lysine availability in growing rats fed with lysine-biofortified rice.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Yang QQ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5430985 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Greater nitrogen efficiency would substantially reduce the economic, energy and environmental costs of rice production. We hypothesized that synergistic balancing of the costs and benefits for soil exploration among root architectural phenes is beneficial under suboptimal nitrogen availability. An enhanced implementation of the functional-structural model OpenSimRoot for rice integrated with the ORYZA_v3 crop model was used to evaluate the utility of combinations of root architectural phenes, namely nodal root angle, the proportion of smaller diameter nodal roots, nodal root number; and L-type and S-type lateral branching densities, for plant growth under low nitrogen. Multiple integrated root phenotypes were identified with greater shoot biomass under low nitrogen than the reference cultivar IR64. The superiority of these phenotypes was due to synergism among root phenes rather than the expected additive effects of phene states. Representative optimal phenotypes were predicted to have up to 80% greater grain yield with low N supply in the rainfed dry direct-seeded agroecosystem over future weather conditions, compared to IR64. These phenotypes merit consideration as root ideotypes for breeding rice cultivars with improved yield under rainfed dry direct-seeded conditions with limited nitrogen availability. The importance of phene synergism for the performance of integrated phenotypes has implications for crop breeding.
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Project description:The use of diets with increased dietary fibre content (HF) from alternative feedstuffs is a solution to limit the impact of increased feed costs on pig production. This study aimed at determining the impact of an alternative HF diet on pig digestibility and at estimating genetic parameters of this trait. Digestibility coefficients (DC) of energy, organic matter and nitrogen were predicted from faecal samples analysed with near infrared spectrometry for 1,242 samples, and it represented 654 Large White pigs fed a conventional (CO) diet and 588 fed a HF diet. Growth and feed efficiency traits, carcass composition and meat quality traits were recorded. Pigs fed the HF diet had significantly lower DC than pigs fed the CO diet (-4.5 to 6.0 points). The DC were moderately to highly heritable (about 0.26 ± 0.12 and 0.54 ± 0.15 in the CO and the HF diet, respectively). Genetic correlations were favourable with feed conversion ratio, daily feed intake and residual feed intake, but unfavourable with average daily gain (ADG) and carcass yield (CY). To conclude, DC could be an interesting trait to include in future breeding objectives if pigs were fed diet with HF diets, but adverse genetic trends with ADG and CY would have to be taken into account.
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Project description:Biofortified rice with high Zn concentration could reduce Zn deficiency in South Asia. This population frequently parboils rice. True retention (TR) of Zn, Fe and phytic acid after parboiling and milling was evaluated in biofortified and non-biofortified rice. TR in milled non-parboiled rice was 63.8-89.6% for Zn, 21.1-44.5% for Fe and 16.4-40.3% for phytic acid, whereas in milled parboiled rice TR was 49.8-72.2% for Zn, 23.4-36.7% for Fe and 22.0-33.3% for phytic acid. Milled parboiled rice resulted in lower Zn TR compared to milled non-parboiled. These results suggest that Zn moves from the inner endosperm towards the outer layers during parboiling, regardless of initial Zn concentration, consequently, once milled, the potential impact of Zn intake on Zn deficiency from parboiled rice is less than non-parboiled rice. Despite Zn losses during processing, biofortified rice could provide over 50% of the Zn EAR for children.
| S-EPMC7548297 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundZinc-biofortified rice could contribute to zinc intake in deficient populations, but processing it into parboiled rice could affect this potential benefit. Zinc and iron true retention (TR) in milled rice produced under conditions resembling household and commercial parboiled methods was evaluated. Zinc and iron TR in milled rice obtained from biofortified and non-biofortified rice subjected to different soaking temperatures during parboiling was also evaluated.ResultsConditions resembling commercial parboiling methods resulted in 52.2-59.7% zinc TR and 55.4-79.1% iron TR, whereas those used for household parboiling resulted in 70.7-79.6% zinc TR and 78.2-119.8% iron TR. Zinc TR in milled (8-16% bran removal) biofortified and non-biofortified parboiled rice was 50.6-66.8% when soaking rough rice at 20 °C and 29.9-56.0% when soaking rough rice at 65 °C; both had lower zinc TR than non-parboiled rice (58.0-80.6%). Iron TR was generally similar between milled non-parboiled and parboiled rice (26.2-67.6%) and between parboiled biofortified and non-biofortified milled rice.ConclusionParboiling conditions used to obtain milled rice targeted for own household consumption resulted in higher zinc and iron TR compared to parboiling conditions used for milled rice targeted for markets. More zinc from the inner endosperm moved towards the outer layers at high soaking temperature, resulting in lower zinc TR for milled parboiled rice soaked in hotter water. Parboiled rice soaked at temperatures used in households could provide more zinc to diets compared to rice soaked in hotter water commonly used in large rice mills, especially when rice is extensively milled. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Project description:Nutrition is a potent mediator of developmental plasticity. If food is scarce, developing organisms may invest into growth to outgrow size-dependent mortality (short-term benefit) and/or into an efficient digestion system (long-term benefit). We investigated this potential trade-off, by determining the influence of food availability on juvenile body and organ growth, and on adult digestive efficiency in the cichlid fish Simochromis pleurospilus. We reared two groups of fish at constant high or low food rations, and we switched four other groups between these two rations at an early and late juvenile period. We measured juvenile growth and organ sizes at different developmental stages and determined adult digestive efficiency. Fish kept at constant, high rations grew considerably faster than low-food fish. Nevertheless, S. pleurospilus partly buffered the negative effects of low food availability by developing heavier digestive organs, and they were therefore more efficient in digesting their food as adults. Results of fish exposed to a ration switch during either the early or late juvenile period suggest (i) that the ability to show compensatory growth after early exposure to low food availability persists during the juvenile period, (ii) that digestive efficiency is influenced by varying juvenile food availability during the late juvenile phase and (iii) that the efficiency of the adult digestive system is correlated with the growth rate during a narrow time window of juvenile period.
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Project description:In this study the effects of photoperiod and diet, and their interaction, were examined for their effects on growth and body composition in juvenile F344 rats over a 4-week period. On long (16L:8D), relative to short (8L:16D), photoperiod food intake and growth rate were increased, but percentage adiposity remained constant (ca 3-4%). On a high fat diet (HFD), containing 22.8% fat (45% energy as fat), food intake was reduced, but energy intake increased on both photoperiods. This led to a small increase in adiposity (up to 10%) without overt change in body weight. These changes were also reflected in plasma leptin and lipid levels. Importantly while both lean and adipose tissue were strongly regulated by photoperiod on a chow diet, this regulation was lost for adipose, but not lean tissue, on HFD. This implies that a primary effect of photoperiod is the regulation of growth and lean mass accretion. Consistent with this both hypothalamic GHRH gene expression and serum IGF-1 levels were photoperiod dependent. As for other animals and humans, there was evidence of central hyposomatotropism in response to obesity, as GHRH gene expression was suppressed by the HFD. Gene expression of hypothalamic AgRP and CRH, but not NPY nor POMC, accorded with the energy balance status on long and short photoperiod. However, there was a general dissociation between plasma leptin levels and expression of these hypothalamic energy balance genes. Similarly there was no interaction between the HFD and photoperiod at the level of the genes involved in thyroid hormone metabolism (Dio2, Dio3, TSH? or NMU), which are important mediators of the photoperiodic response. These data suggest that photoperiod and HFD influence body weight and body composition through independent mechanisms but in each case the role of the hypothalamic energy balance genes is not predictable based on their known function.
| S-EPMC4366045 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: Low protein intake is associated with various negative health outcomes at any life stage. When diets do not contain sufficient protein, phosphorus availability is compromised because proteins are the major sources of phosphorus. However, whether mineral phosphorus supplementation mitigates this problem is unknown, to our knowledge. Objective: Our goal was to determine the impact of dietary phosphorus supplementation on food intake, weight gain, energy efficiency, body composition, blood metabolites, and liver histology in rats fed a low-protein diet for 9 wk. Methods: Forty-nine 6-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to 5 groups and consumed 5 isocaloric diets ad libitum that varied only in protein (egg white) and phosphorus concentrations for 9 wk. The control group received a 20% protein diet with 0.3% P (NP-0.3P). The 4 other groups were fed a low-protein (10%) diet with a phosphorus concentration of 0.015%, 0.056%, 0.1%, or 0.3% (LP-0.3P). The rats' weight, body and liver composition, and plasma biomarkers were then assessed. Results: The addition of phosphorus to the low-protein diet significantly increased food intake, weight gain, and energy efficiency, which were similar among the groups that received 0.3% P (LP-0.3P and NP-0.3P) regardless of dietary protein content. In addition, phosphorus supplementation of low-protein diets reduced plasma urea nitrogen and increased total body protein content (defatted). Changes in food intake and efficiency, body weight and composition, and plasma urea concentration were highly pronounced at a dietary phosphorus content <0.1%, which may represent a critical threshold. Conclusions: The addition of phosphorus to low-protein diets improved growth measures in rats, mainly as a result of enhanced energy efficiency. A dietary phosphorus concentration of 0.3% mitigated detrimental effects of low-protein diets on growth parameters.
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Project description:Part of the studies involved in safety assessment of genetically engineered crops includes characterizing the organization, integrity, and stability of the inserted DNA and evaluating the potential allergenicity and toxicity of newly-expressed proteins. Molecular characterization of the introduced DNA in provitamin A biofortified rice event GR2E confirmed insertion of a single copy of the transfer-DNA in the genome and its inheritance as a single locus. Nucleotide sequencing of the inserted DNA confirmed it was introduced without modifications. The phytoene synthase, and carotene desaturase proteins did not display sequence similarity with allergens or toxins. Both proteins were rapidly digested in simulated gastric fluid and their enzymatic activity was inhibited upon heat treatment. Acute oral toxicity testing of the protein in mice demonstrated lack of adverse effects. These evidences substantiated the lack of any identifiable hazards for both proteins and in combination with other existing comparative analyses provided assurance that food derived from this rice is safe. This conclusion is in line with those of the regulatory agencies of US Food and Drug Administration, Health Canada and Food Standard Australia and New Zealand.
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Project description:Zinc malnutrition is a major issue in developing countries where polished rice is a staple food. With the existing significant genetic variability for high zinc in polished rice, the development of biofortified rice varieties was targeted in India with support from HarvestPlus, Department of Biotechnology, and Indian Council of Agricultural Research of Government of India. Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR) facilitates rice varietal release through All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP) and also supports rice biofortification program in India. Various germplasm sets of several national institutions were characterized at IIRR for their zinc content in brown rice using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy indicating the range of zinc to be 7.3 to 52.7 mg/kg. Evaluation of different mapping populations involving wild germplasm, landraces, and varieties for their zinc content showed the feasibility of favorable recombination of high zinc content and yield. Ninety-nine genotypes from germplasm and 344 lines from mapping populations showed zinc content of ≥28 mg/kg in polished rice meeting the target zinc content set by HarvestPlus. Through AICRIP biofortification trial constituted since 2013, 170 test entries were nominated by various national institutions until 2017, and four biofortified rice varieties were released. Only the test entry with target zinc content, yield, and quality parameters is promoted to the next year; thus, each test entry is evaluated for 3 years across 17 to 27 locations for their performance. Multilocation studies of two mapping populations and AICRIP biofortification trials indicated the zinc content to be highly influenced by environment. The bioavailability of a released biofortified rice variety, viz., DRR Dhan 45 was found to twice that of control IR64. The technology efficacy of the four released varieties developed through conventional breeding ranged from 48 to 75% with zinc intake of 38 to be 47% and 46 to 57% of the RDA for male and female, respectively. The observations from the characterization of germplasm and mapping populations for zinc content and development of national evaluation system for the release of biofortified rice varieties have been discussed in the context of the five criteria set by biofortification program.
| S-EPMC7154074 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system or its derived base editors enables targeted genome modification, thereby providing a programmable tool to exploit gene functions and to improve crop traits. RESULTS:We report that PmCDA1 is much more efficient than rAPOBEC1 when fused to CRISPR/Cas9 nickase for the conversion of cytosine (C) to thymine (T) in rice. Three high-fidelity SpCas9 variants, eSpCas9(1.1), SpCas9-HF2 and HypaCas9, were engineered to serve with PmCDA1 (pBEs) as C-to-T base editors. These three high-fidelity editors had distinct multiplex-genome editing efficiencies. To substantially improve their base-editing efficiencies, a tandemly arrayed tRNA-modified single guide RNA (sgRNA) architecture was applied. The efficiency of eSpCas9(1.1)-pBE was enhanced up to 25.5-fold with an acceptable off-target effect. Moreover, two- to five-fold improvement was observed for knock-out mutation frequency by these high-fidelity Cas9s under the direction of the tRNA-modified sgRNA architecture. CONCLUSIONS:We have engineered a diverse toolkit for efficient and precise genome engineering in rice, thus making genome editing for plant research and crop improvement more flexible.
| S-EPMC6873407 | biostudies-literature