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High-throughput and sensitive analysis of urinary heterocyclic aromatic amines using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and robotic sample preparation system.

ABSTRACT: Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAA) are listed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as harmful or potentially harmful constituents of tobacco smoke. However, quantifying HCAA exposure is challenging. In this study, we developed a sensitive, precise, and accurate isotope dilution, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantify urinary HCAAs in smokers and nonsmokers. The high-throughput robotic sample preparation system could handle a throughput of over 300 samples per day, while maintaining intra-day and inter-day imprecision and bias ?10 %. The limits of detection of carcinogenic HCAAs ranged from 0.31 to 0.83 pg/mL. The validated method was applied to measure HCAAs in urine collected from smokers and non-smokers. This sensitive and efficient analytical method is ideal to support large-scale biomonitoring studies of HCAA exposure. Graphical Abstract LC/MS/MS and robotic sample preparation system for urinary HCAA analysis.

SUBMITTER: Zhang L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5460753 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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High-throughput and sensitive analysis of urinary heterocyclic aromatic amines using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and robotic sample preparation system.

Zhang Li L Xia Yang Y Xia Baoyun B Nicodemus Keegan J KJ McGuffey James J McGahee Ernest E Blount Benjamin B Wang Lanqing L

Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 20160929 28

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAA) are listed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as harmful or potentially harmful constituents of tobacco smoke. However, quantifying HCAA exposure is challenging. In this study, we developed a sensitive, precise, and accurate isotope dilution, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantify urinary HCAAs in smokers and nonsmokers. The high-throughput robotic sample preparation system could handle a throughput of over 300 s ...[more]

PMID: 27687186

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Project description:Arylamines (AAs) and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related carcinogens formed during the combustion of tobacco or cooking of meat. They undergo cytochrome P450 mediated N-hydroxylation to form metabolites which bind to DNA and lead to mutations. The N-hydroxylated metabolites of many AAs also can undergo a co-oxidation reaction with oxy-hemolgobin (HbO2) to form methemoglobin (met-Hb) and the arylnitroso intermediates, which react with the ?-Cys(93) chain of Hb to form Hb-arylsulfinamide adducts. The biochemistry of arylamine metabolism has been exploited to biomonitor certain AAs through their Hb arylsulfinamide adducts in humans. We examined the reactivity of HbO2 with the N-hydroxylated metabolites of 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP, HONH-ABP), aniline (ANL, HONH-ANL), and the HAAs 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (A?C, HONH-A?C), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP, HONH-PhIP), and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx, HONH-MeIQx). HONH-ABP, HO-ANL, and HONH-A?C induced methemoglobinemia and formed Hb sulfinamide adducts. However, HONH-MeIQx and HONH-PhIP did not react with the oxy-heme complex, and met-Hb formation and chemical modification of the ?-Cys(93) residue were negligible. Molecular modeling studies showed that the distances between the H-ON-AA or H-ON-HAA substrates and the oxy-heme complex of HbO2 were too far away to induce methemoglobinemia. Different conformational changes in flexible helical and loop regions around the heme pocket induced by the H-ON-AA or H-ON-HAAs may explain the different proclivities of these chemicals to induce methemoglobinemia. Hb-Cys(93?) sulfinamide and sulfonamide adducts of ABP, ANL, and A?C were identified, by Orbitrap MS, following the proteolysis of Hb with trypsin, Glu-C, or Lys-C. Hb sulfinamide and sulfonamide adducts of ABP were identified in the blood of mice exposed to ABP, by Orbitrap MS. This is the first report of the identification of intact Hb sulfinamide adducts of carcinogenic AAs in vivo. The high reactivity of HONH-A?C with HbO2 suggests that the Hb sulfinamide adduct of A?C may be a promising biomarker of exposure to this HAA in humans.

Project description:2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (A?C) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) are carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) that arise during the burning of tobacco and cooking of meats. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) detoxicate many procarcinogens and their metabolites. The genotoxic N-hydroxylated metabolite of A?C, 2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (HONH-A?C), undergoes glucuronidation to form the isomeric glucuronide (Gluc) conjugates N(2)-(?-d-glucosidurony1)-2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (A?C-HON(2)-Gluc) and O-(?-d-glucosidurony1)-2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (A?C-HN(2)-O-Gluc). A?C-HON(2)-Gluc is a stable metabolite but A?C-HN(2)-O-Gluc is a biologically reactive intermediate, which covalently adducts to DNA at levels that are 20-fold higher than HONH-A?C. We measured the rates of formation of A?C-HON(2)-Gluc and A?C-HN(2)-O-Gluc in human organs: highest activity occurred with liver and kidney microsomes, and lesser activity was found with colon and rectum microsomes. A?C-HN(2)-O-Gluc formation was largely diminished in liver and kidney microsomes, by niflumic acid, a selective inhibitor UGT1A9. In contrast, A?C-HON(2)-Gluc formation was less affected and other UGT contribute to N(2)-glucuronidation of HONH-A?C. UGT were reported to catalyze the formation of isomeric Gluc conjugates at the N(2) and N3 atoms of 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (HONH-PhIP), the genotoxic metabolite of PhIP. However, we found that the N3-Gluc of HONH-PhIP also covalently bound to DNA at higher levels than HONH-PhIP. The product ion spectra of this Gluc conjugate acquired by ion trap mass spectrometry revealed that the Gluc moiety was linked to the oxygen atom of HONH-PhIP and not the N3 imidazole atom of the oxime tautomer of HONH-PhIP as was originally proposed. UGT1A9, an abundant UGT isoform expressed in human liver and kidney, preferentially forms the O-linked Gluc conjugates of HONH-A?C and HONH-PhIP as opposed to their detoxicated N(2)-Gluc isomers. The regioselective O-glucuronidation of HONH-A?C and HONH-PhIP, by UGT1A9, is a mechanism of bioactivation of these ubiquitous HAAs.

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Dataset Information

High-throughput and sensitive analysis of urinary heterocyclic aromatic amines using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and robotic sample preparation system.

Publications

High-throughput and sensitive analysis of urinary heterocyclic aromatic amines using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and robotic sample preparation system.

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