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Higher Maternal Protein Intake during Pregnancy Is Associated with Lower Cord Blood Concentrations of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-II, IGF Binding Protein 3, and Insulin, but Not IGF-I, in a Cohort of Women with High Protein Intake.

ABSTRACT: Background: Prenatal exposure to dietary protein may program growth-regulating hormones, consequently influencing early-life growth patterns and later risk of associated chronic diseases. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is of particular interest in this context given its influence on pre- and postnatal growth and its sensitivity to the early nutritional environment.Objective: Our objective was to examine associations of maternal protein intake during pregnancy with cord blood concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and insulin.Methods: We studied 938 mother-child pairs from early pregnancy through delivery in the Project Viva cohort. Using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, education, income, smoking, parity, height, and gestational weight gain and for child sex, we examined associations of second-trimester maternal protein intake [grams per kilogram (weight before pregnancy) per day], as reported on a food frequency questionnaire, with IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and insulin concentrations in cord blood. We also examined how these associations may differ by child sex and parity.Results: Mothers were predominantly white (71%), college-educated (64%), and nonsmokers (67%). Mean ± SD protein intake was 1.35 ± 0.35 g ? kg-1 ? d-1 Each 1-SD increment in second-trimester protein intake corresponded to a change of -0.50 ng/mL (95% CI: -2.26, 1.26 ng/mL) in IGF-I and -0.91 ?U/mL (95% CI: -1.45, -0.37 ?U/mL) in insulin. Child sex and parity modified associations of maternal protein intake with IGF-II and IGFBP-3: protein intake was inversely associated with IGF-II in girls (P-interaction = 0.04) and multiparous mothers (P-interaction = 0.05), and with IGFBP-3 in multiparous mothers (P-interaction = 0.04).Conclusions: In a cohort of pregnant women with relatively high mean protein intakes, higher intake was associated with lower concentrations of growth-promoting hormones in cord blood, suggesting a pathway that may link higher protein intake to lower fetal growth. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02820402.

SUBMITTER: Switkowski KM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5483967 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Higher Maternal Protein Intake during Pregnancy Is Associated with Lower Cord Blood Concentrations of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-II, IGF Binding Protein 3, and Insulin, but Not IGF-I, in a Cohort of Women with High Protein Intake.

Switkowski Karen M KM Jacques Paul F PF Must Aviva A Hivert Marie-France MF Fleisch Abby A Gillman Matthew W MW Rifas-Shiman Sheryl S Oken Emily E

The Journal of nutrition 20170607 7

<b>Background:</b> Prenatal exposure to dietary protein may program growth-regulating hormones, consequently influencing early-life growth patterns and later risk of associated chronic diseases. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is of particular interest in this context given its influence on pre- and postnatal growth and its sensitivity to the early nutritional environment.<b>Objective:</b> Our objective was to examine associations of maternal protein intake during pregnancy with cord b ...[more]

PMID: 28592512

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Project description:BackgroundThe prevalence of adverse birth outcomes is highest in resource-limited settings such as sub-Saharan Africa. Maternal consumption of diets with adequate nutrients during pregnancy may protect against these adverse outcomes.ObjectivesThe objective was to determine the association between maternal dietary consumption of animal source foods (ASFs) and the risk of adverse birth outcomes among HIV-negative pregnant women in Tanzania.MethodsUsing dietary intake data from 7564 HIV-negative pregnant women, we used Poisson regression with the empirical variance (generalized estimating equation) to estimate the RR of adverse birth outcomes-preterm birth, very preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), low birth weight (LBW), stillbirth, and neonatal death-for higher and lower frequency of ASF intake.ResultsMedian daily dietary intake of animal protein was 17 g (IQR: 1-48 g). Higher frequency of ASF protein intake was associated with lower risk of neonatal death (quartile 4 compared with quartile 1; RR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.90; P-trend = 0.01). Higher fish intake was associated with lower risk of very preterm birth (high tertile compared with low; RR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.99; P-trend = 0.02). Any meat intake was protective of preterm birth (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.82; P < 0.001), very preterm birth (P < 0.001), LBW (P < 0.001), and neonatal death (P = 0.01) but was associated with increased risk of SGA (RR:1.19; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.36; P = 0.04). Any egg intake was protective of very preterm birth (RR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.83; P = 0.01) as compared with no egg intake. Finally, any dairy intake was associated with lower risk of preterm birth (RR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.98; P = 0.03) and very preterm birth (RR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.84; P = 0.01).ConclusionsHigher frequency of dietary intake of ASF is associated with lower risk of adverse birth outcomes in urban Tanzania. Promoting prenatal dietary intake of ASF may improve birth outcomes in this region and similar resource-limited settings.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Phthalates, endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are commonly found in consumer products, may adversely affect thyroid hormones, but findings from prior epidemiologic studies are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES:In a prospective cohort study, we investigated whether maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and phthalate mixtures measured during pregnancy were associated with thyroid hormones among pregnant women and newborns. METHODS:We measured nine phthalate metabolites [monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate, mono-isobutyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), and four monoesthers of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] in urine collected at approximately 16 and 26 weeks' gestation among women in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment Study (2003-2006, Cincinnati, Ohio). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free and total thyroxine and triiodothyronine were measured in maternal serum at 16 weeks' gestation (n?=?202) and cord serum at delivery (n?=?276). We used multivariable linear regression to assess associations between individual urinary phthalate metabolites and concentrations of maternal or cord serum thyroid hormones. We used weighted quantile sum regression (WQS) to create a phthalate index describing combined concentrations of phthalate metabolites and to investigate associations of the phthalate index with individual thyroid hormones. RESULTS:With each 10-fold increase in 16-week maternal urinary MEP, maternal serum total thyroxine (TT4) decreased by 0.52??g/dL (95% CI: -1.01, -0.03). For each 10-fold increase in average (16- and 26-week) maternal urinary MBzP, cord serum TSH decreased by 19% (95% CI: -33.1, -1.9). Among mothers, the phthalate index was inversely associated with maternal serum TT4 (WQS beta?=?-0.60; 95% CI: -1.01, -0.18). Among newborns, the phthalate index was inversely associated with both cord serum TSH (WQS beta?=?-0.11; 95% CI: -0.20, -0.03) and TT4 (WQS beta?=?-0.53; 95% CI: -0.90, -0.16). CONCLUSION:Our results suggest that co-exposure to multiple phthalates was inversely associated with certain thyroid hormones (TT4 in pregnant women and newborns, and TSH in newborns) in this birth cohort. These findings highlight the need to study chemical mixtures in environmental epidemiology.

Project description:BackgroundObservational and experimental evidence demonstrates that protein intake in infancy programs linear growth. To our knowledge, few studies have examined prenatal maternal protein intake.ObjectiveOur objective was to examine associations of maternal protein intake during pregnancy with offspring linear growth.DesignWe analyzed data from 1961 mother-child pairs in Project Viva. We assessed first- and second-trimester diet with the use of food-frequency questionnaires and analyzed protein intake as grams per kilogram prepregnancy weight per day. We used research measures of offspring length at birth and in infancy (∼6 mo), early childhood (∼3 y), and midchildhood (∼7 y), as well as clinical growth measures obtained from after birth through midchildhood. We calculated sex-specific birth length z scores for gestational age with the use of international reference data. We used mixed models with repeated length measures to predict individual length gain velocities for birth to <6 mo and 6 mo to 7 y of age, then used these velocities as outcomes in adjusted linear regression models with maternal protein intake as the main predictor.ResultsMean (range) second-trimester protein intake was 1.4 g · kg-1 · d-1 (0.3-3.1 g · kg-1 · d-1). After adjusting for maternal sociodemographics, gestational weight gain, maternal and paternal height, and (for postdelivery outcomes) child sex, gestational age, and breastfeeding duration, each 1-SD (0.36 g · kg-1 · d-1) increment in second-trimester protein intake corresponded to a -0.10 (95% CI: -0.18, -0.03) change in birth length z score, a -0.03 cm/mo (95% CI: -0.05, -0.01 cm/mo) change in slope of length growth from birth to <6mo, and a -0.09 cm/y (95% CI: -0.14, -0.05 cm/y) change in slope of length growth from 6 mo to midchildhood. Results were similar for first-trimester intake.ConclusionsIn a population with relatively high protein intake during pregnancy, higher protein intake was associated with shorter offspring birth length and slower linear growth into midchildhood. Results suggest that higher protein intake during pregnancy does not increase fetal and child growth and may even reduce early length growth. Project Viva was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02820402.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Intrauterine exposure to a disturbed maternal glucose metabolism is associated with adverse offspring outcomes. DNA methylation is a potential mechanism underlying these associations. We examined whether maternal early-pregnancy glucose and insulin concentrations are associated with newborn DNA methylation. In a population-based prospective cohort study among 935 pregnant women, maternal plasma concentrations of non-fasting glucose and insulin were measured at a median of 13.1?weeks of gestation (95% range 9.4-17.4). DNA methylation was measured using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Ilumina). We analyzed associations of maternal early-pregnancy glucose and insulin concentrations with single-CpG DNA methylation using robust linear regression models. Differentially methylated regions were analyzed using the dmrff package in R. We stratified the analyses on normal weight versus overweight or obese women. We also performed a look-up of CpGs and differently methylated regions from previous studies to be associated with maternal gestational diabetes, hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia, or with type 2 diabetes in adults. RESULTS:Maternal early-pregnancy glucose and insulin concentrations were not associated with DNA methylation at single CpGs nor with differentially methylated regions in the total group. In analyses stratified on maternal BMI, maternal early-pregnancy glucose concentrations were associated with DNA methylation at one CpG (cg03617420, XKR6) among normal weight women and at another (cg12081946, IL17D) among overweight or obese women. No stratum-specific associations were found for maternal early-pregnancy insulin concentrations. The two CpGs were not associated with birth weight or childhood glycemic measures (p values > 0.1). Maternal early-pregnancy insulin concentrations were associated with one CpG known to be related to adult type 2 diabetes. Enrichment among nominally significant findings in our maternal early-pregnancy glucose concentrations was found for CpGs identified in a previous study on adult type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS:Maternal early-pregnancy glucose concentrations, but not insulin concentrations, were associated with DNA methylation at one CpG each in the subgroups of normal weight and of overweight or obese women. No associations were present in the full group. The role of these CpGs in mechanisms underlying offspring health outcomes needs further study. Future studies should replicate our results in larger samples with early-pregnancy information on maternal fasting glucose metabolism.

Project description:Background & aimsThe inverse association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diets rich in fruit and vegetables has been demonstrated, but the specific compounds that may be responsible for this association need to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to test the association between phenolic acid consumption, NAFLD, and insulin resistance (IR).MethodsA cross-sectional cohort of individuals included in a metabolic screening program was studied. Liver steatosis was evaluated by ultrasonography and quantified by the hepatorenal index (HRI); fibrosis was assessed by FibroTest; IR by the sample upper quartile of the homeostatic model assessment score. Dietary intake was measured by a food frequency questionnaire. The phenolic acid content of food was calculated according to Phenol-Explorer.ResultsA total of 789 individuals were included (52.6% men, age 58.83 ± 6.58 years). Higher (above the upper median) phenolic acid intake was inversely associated with the presence of NAFLD (odds ratio [OR] 0.69; 95% CI 0.49-0.98; p = 0.036), higher HRI (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.45-0.91; p = 0.013) and higher IR (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.42-0.87; p = 0.007), when adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, and lifestyle factors. Considering specific classes of phenolic acids, higher hydroxybenzoic acid intake was independently associated with lower odds of NAFLD, higher HRI and fibrosis. Higher hydroxycinnamic acid intake was independently associated with lower odds of IR.ConclusionA higher intake of phenolic acids is associated with a lower prevalence of liver steatosis and IR in a cross-sectional study, suggesting a possible protective effect that requires confirmation in prospective studies.Lay summaryHigh dietary intake of total phenolic acids is associated with a lower prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. A high intake of hydroxybenzoic acids, a class of phenolic acids, is associated with a lower prevalence of steatosis and clinically significant fibrosis, while a high intake of hydroxycinnamic acids, another class of phenolic acids, is associated with a lower prevalence of insulin resistance.

Project description:Although the production and use of some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been banned or highly restricted, human exposure remains a subject of investigation due to their environmental persistence. Physiological changes during pregnancy may affect the disposition of POPs in the mother's body, and thus fetal exposure. Changes in serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) across pregnancy trimesters, and trans-placental transfer to the fetus were investigated. Seventy-nine pregnant women in Trujillo, Peru were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy, and provided blood samples for the analysis of 35 PCB congeners, 9 OCPs, and 11 polybrominated biphenyl diethers (PBDEs). Subsequently, maternal blood samples were collected in the second (n=64) and third trimesters (n=59), and cord blood samples (n=50) were collected at delivery. There were statistically significant changes across trimesters (p<0.05) for both fresh weight (increase) and lipid adjusted concentrations (decrease) of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene (p,p'-DDE), PCB-74, 118, 138-158, 153, 170, 180 and 194. Fresh weight concentrations of these POPs increased from first to third trimester by 10-28%. On the other hand lipid adjusted concentrations decreased from first to third trimester by 16-28%. Serum lipids increased from first to third trimester by 53% indicating the dilution of the POPs in the lipids. Concentrations of 2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), its metabolite p,p'-DDE, PCB-118, 138-158, 153, 170 and 180 above their limits of detection were measured in >60% of cord serum samples. Intra-individual correlations in maternal serum concentrations were high for most of the POPs (?=0.62-0.99; p<0.05) while correlations between maternal and cord serum concentrations were also high (?=0.68-0.99; p<0.05). Results indicate that the disposition in the body and blood concentrations of POPs may change during pregnancy, and show trans-placental transfer of DDT, DDE and PCBs.

Dataset Information

Higher Maternal Protein Intake during Pregnancy Is Associated with Lower Cord Blood Concentrations of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-II, IGF Binding Protein 3, and Insulin, but Not IGF-I, in a Cohort of Women with High Protein Intake.

Publications

Higher Maternal Protein Intake during Pregnancy Is Associated with Lower Cord Blood Concentrations of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-II, IGF Binding Protein 3, and Insulin, but Not IGF-I, in a Cohort of Women with High Protein Intake.

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