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Associations between circulating carotenoids, genomic instability and the risk of high-grade prostate cancer.

ABSTRACT: Carotenoids are a class of nutrients with antioxidant properties that have been purported to protect against cancer. However, the reported associations between carotenoids and prostate cancer have been heterogeneous and lacking data on interactions with nucleotide sequence variations and genomic biomarkers.To examine the associations between carotenoid levels and the risk of high-grade prostate cancer, also considering antioxidant-related genes and tumor instability.We measured plasma levels of carotenoids and genotyped 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in SOD1, SOD2, SOD3, XRCC1, and OGG1 among 559 men with non-metastatic prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy. We performed copy number analysis in a subset of these men (n?=?67) to study tumor instability assessed as Fraction of the Genome Altered (FGA). We examined associations between carotenoids, genotypes, tumor instability and risk of high-grade prostate cancer (Gleason grade???4?+?3) using logistic and linear regression.Circulating carotenoid levels were inversely associated with the risk of high-grade prostate cancer; odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) comparing highest versus lowest quartiles were: 0.34 (95% CI: 0.18-0.66) for ?-carotene, 0.31 (95% CI: 0.15-0.63) for ?-carotene, 0.55 (0.28-1.08) for lycopene and 0.37 (0.18-0.75) for total carotenoids. SNPs rs25489 in XRCC1, rs699473 in SOD3 and rs1052133 in OGG1 modified these associations for ?-carotene, ?-carotene and lycopene, respectively (P???0.05). The proportion of men with a high degree of FGA increased with Gleason Score (P?

SUBMITTER: Nordstrom T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5493324 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Associations between circulating carotenoids, genomic instability and the risk of high-grade prostate cancer.

Nordström Tobias T Van Blarigan Erin L EL Ngo Vy V Roy Ritu R Weinberg Vivian V Song Xiaoling X Simko Jeffry J Carroll Peter R PR Chan June M JM Paris Pamela L PL

The Prostate 20151120 4

<h4>Background</h4>Carotenoids are a class of nutrients with antioxidant properties that have been purported to protect against cancer. However, the reported associations between carotenoids and prostate cancer have been heterogeneous and lacking data on interactions with nucleotide sequence variations and genomic biomarkers.<h4>Objective</h4>To examine the associations between carotenoid levels and the risk of high-grade prostate cancer, also considering antioxidant-related genes and tumor inst ...[more]

PMID: 26585352

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Project description:BackgroundThe consequences of low prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in high-grade (Gleason 8-10) prostate cancer are unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical implications and genomic features of low-PSA, high-grade disease.Design, setting, and participantsThis was a retrospective study of clinical data for 494 793 patients from the National Cancer Data Base and 136 113 patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program with cT1-4N0M0 prostate cancer (median follow-up 48.9 and 25.0 mo, respectively), and genomic data for 4960 patients from the Decipher Genomic Resource Information Database. Data were collected for 2004-2017.Outcome measurements and statistical analysisMultivariable Fine-Gray and Cox regressions were used to analyze prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) and all-cause mortality, respectively.Results and limitationsFor Gleason 8-10 disease, using PSA 4.1-10.0ng/ml (n=38 719) as referent, the distribution of PCSM by PSA was U-shaped, with an adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of 2.70 for PSA ≤2.5ng/ml (n=3862, p<0.001) versus 1.97, 1.36, and 2.56 for PSA of 2.6-4.0 (n=4199), 10.1-20.0 (n=17 372), and >20.0ng/ml (n=16 114), respectively. By contrast, the distribution of PCSM by PSA was linear for Gleason ≤7 (using PSA 4.1-10.0ng/ml as the referent, n=359 898), with an AHR of 0.41 (p=0.13) for PSA ≤2.5ng/ml (n=37 812) versus 1.38, 2.28, and 4.61 for PSA of 2.6-4.0 (n=54 152), 10.1-20.0 (n=63 319), and >20.0ng/ml (n=35 459), respectively (pinteraction<0.001). Gleason 8-10, PSA ≤2.5ng/ml disease had a significantly higher PCSM than standard high-risk/very high-risk disease with PSA >2.5ng/ml (AHR 2.15, p=0.002; 47-mo PCSM 14% vs 4.9%). Among Gleason 8-10 patients treated with radiotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy was associated with a survival benefit for PSA >2.5ng/ml (AHR 0.87; p<0.001) but not ≤2.5ng/ml (AHR 1.36; p=0.084; pinteraction=0.021). For Gleason 8-10 tumors, PSA ≤2.5ng/ml was associated with higher expression of neuroendocrine/small-cell markers compared to >2.5ng/ml (p=0.046), with no such relationship for Gleason ≤7 disease.ConclusionsLow-PSA, high-grade prostate cancer has very high risk for PCSM, potentially responds poorly to androgen deprivation therapy, and is associated with neuroendocrine genomic features.Patient summaryIn this study, we found that low-prostate-specific antigen, high-grade prostate cancer has a very high risk for prostate cancer death, may not respond well to androgen deprivation therapy, and is associated with neuroendocrine genomic features. These findings suggest that current nomograms and treatment paradigms may need modification.

Project description:Accurate risk classification of men with localized high-risk prostate cancer directly affects treatment management decisions and patient outcomes. A wide range of risk assessments and classifications are available. However, each one has significant limitations to distinguish between indolent and aggressive prostate cancers. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may provide an alternate additional source, beyond tissue biopsies, to enable individual patient-specific clinical assessment, simply because CTCs can reveal both tumor-derived and germline-specific genetic information more precisely than that gained from a single diagnostic biopsy. In this study, we combined a filtration-based CTC isolation technology with prostate cancer CTC immunophenotyping to identify prostate cancer CTCs. Next, we performed 3-D telomere profiling prior to laser microdissection and single-cell whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 21 CTCs and 4 lymphocytes derived from 10 localized high-risk prostate cancer patient samples. Localized high-risk prostate cancer patient CTCs present a high number of telomere signals with lower signal intensities (short telomeres). To capture the genetic diversity/heterogeneity of high-risk prostate cancer CTCs, we carried out whole-exome sequencing. We identified 202,241 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 137,407 insertion-deletions (indels), where less than 10% of these genetic variations were within coding regions. The genetic variation (SNVs + indels) and copy number alteration (CNAs) profiles were highly heterogeneous and intra-patient CTC variation was observed. The pathway enrichment analysis showed the presence of genetic variation in nine telomere maintenance pathways (patients 3, 5, 6, and 7), including an important gene for telomere maintenance called telomeric repeat-binding factor 2 (TRF2). Using the PharmGKB database, we identified nine genetic variations associated with response to docetaxel. A total of 48 SNVs can affect drug response for 24 known cancer drugs. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) (patients 1, 3, 6, and 8) identified the presence of CNAs in 11 different pathways, including the DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway. In conclusion, single-cell approaches (WES and 3-D telomere profiling) showed to be useful in unmasking CTC heterogeneity. DDR pathway mutations have been well-established as a target pathway for cancer therapy. However, the frequent CNA amplifications found in localized high-risk patients may play critical roles in the therapeutic resistance in prostate cancer.

Project description:BackgroundVarious carotenoids in circulation, including isomers, may have different influences on cancer risk.MethodsWe conducted a nested case-control study including 343 incident prostate cancer cases and 640 controls individually matched on age, race, study site, and time of blood collection. Carotenoids investigated were carotene, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, dihydrolycopene, lutein, anhydrolutein, and zeaxanthin, including α versus β configurations and cis versus trans isomers. General linear model and conditional logistic regression were applied to evaluate associations for prostate cancer risk, with adjustment for potential confounders. We conducted additional analyses with further stratification by race, multivitamin use, and smoking status.ResultsCase-control differences were found in carotenoid subtype levels, although not all reached the multiple comparison adjusted threshold for significance. Plasma lycopene [ORT1 vs. T3 = 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.29-0.87; P trend = 0.014], dihydrolycopene (ORT1 vs. T3 = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18-0.74; P trend = 0.006), and cis-anhydrolutein (ORT1 vs. T3 = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.33-0.96; P trend = 0.037) were inversely, while β-trans-carotene (ORT1 vs. T3 = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.32-3.43; P trend = 0.002) and trans-lutein (ORT1 vs. T3, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.20-2.88; P trend = 0.006) were positively associated with prostate cancer risk. Stratified analyses showed inverse associations of lycopene, dihydrolycopene, and cis-anhydrolutein with prostate cancer risk in subjects without multivitamin use; lycopene and dihydrolycopene in African-Americans and current smokers; and dihydrolycopene in nonsmokers. Positive associations of β-trans-carotene and trans-lutein were observed in African-Americans, nonsmokers, and multivitamin users.ConclusionsThe associations of carotenoids with risk of prostate cancer differed by carotenoid subtypes.ImpactPublic health recommendations on carotenoid intakes for prostate cancer prevention should take subtypes and isomers into consideration.

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Associations between circulating carotenoids, genomic instability and the risk of high-grade prostate cancer.

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Associations between circulating carotenoids, genomic instability and the risk of high-grade prostate cancer.

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