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Rapid mass production of two-dimensional metal oxides and hydroxides via the molten salts method.

ABSTRACT: Because of their exotic electronic properties and abundant active sites, two-dimensional (2D) materials have potential in various fields. Pursuing a general synthesis methodology of 2D materials and advancing it from the laboratory to industry is of great importance. This type of method should be low cost, rapid and highly efficient. Here, we report the high-yield synthesis of 2D metal oxides and hydroxides via a molten salts method. We obtained a high-yield of 2D ion-intercalated metal oxides and hydroxides, such as cation-intercalated manganese oxides (Na_0.55Mn₂O₄·1.5H₂O and K_0.27MnO₂·0.54H₂O), cation-intercalated tungsten oxides (Li₂WO₄ and Na₂W₄O₁₃), and anion-intercalated metal hydroxides (Zn₅(OH)₈(NO₃)₂·2H₂O and Cu₂(OH)₃NO₃), with a large lateral size and nanometre thickness in a short time. Using 2D Na₂W₄O₁₃ as an electrode, a high performance electrochemical supercapacitor is achieved. We anticipate that our method will enable new path to the high-yield synthesis of 2D materials for applications in energy-related fields and beyond.

SUBMITTER: Hu Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5499201 | biostudies-literature | 2017 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Rapid mass production of two-dimensional metal oxides and hydroxides via the molten salts method.

Hu Zhimi Z Xiao Xu X Jin Huanyu H Li Tianqi T Chen Ming M Liang Zhun Z Guo Zhengfeng Z Li Jia J Wan Jun J Huang Liang L Zhang Yanrong Y Feng Guang G Zhou Jun J

Nature communications 20170530

Because of their exotic electronic properties and abundant active sites, two-dimensional (2D) materials have potential in various fields. Pursuing a general synthesis methodology of 2D materials and advancing it from the laboratory to industry is of great importance. This type of method should be low cost, rapid and highly efficient. Here, we report the high-yield synthesis of 2D metal oxides and hydroxides via a molten salts method. We obtained a high-yield of 2D ion-intercalated metal oxides a ...[more]

PMID: 28555669

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Project description:In soil metal ecotoxicology research, dosing is usually performed with metal salts, followed by leaching to remove excess salinity. This process also removes some metals, affecting metal mixture ratios as different metals are removed by leaching at different rates. Consequently, alternative dosing methods must be considered for fixed ratio metal mixture research. In this study three different metal mixture dosing methods (nitrate, oxide and annealed metal dosing) were examined for metal concentrations and toxicity. In the nitrate metal dosing method leaching reduced total metal retention and was affected by soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Acidic soils 3.22 (pH 3.4, CEC 8 meq/100g) and WTRS (pH 4.6, CEC 16 meq/100g) lost more than 75 and 64% of their total metals to leaching respectively while Elora (6.7 pH, CEC 21 meq/100g) and KUBC (pH 5.6, CEC 28 meq/100g) with higher pH and CEC only lost 13.6% and 12.2% total metals respectively. Metal losses were highest for Ni, Zn and Co (46.0%, 63.7% and 48.4% metal loss respectively) whereas Pb and Cu (5.6% and 20.0% metal loss respectively) were mostly retained, affecting mixture ratios. Comparatively, oxide and annealed metal dosing which do not require leaching had higher total metal concentrations, closer to nominal doses and maintained better mixture ratios (percent of nominal concentrations for the oxide metal dosing were Pb = 109.9%, Cu = 84.6%, Ni = 101.9%, Zn = 82.3% and Co = 97.8% and for the annealed metal dosing were Pb = 81.7%, Cu = 80.3%, Ni = 100.5%, Zn = 89.2% and Co = 101.3%). Relative to their total metal concentrations, nitrate metal dosing (lowest metal concentrations) was the most toxic followed by metal oxides dosing while the annealed dosing method was generally non-toxic. Due to the lack of toxicity of the annealed metals and their higher dosing effort, metal oxides, are the most appropriate of the tested dosing methods, for fixed-ratio metal mixtures studies with soil invertebrates.

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Rapid mass production of two-dimensional metal oxides and hydroxides via the molten salts method.

Publications

Rapid mass production of two-dimensional metal oxides and hydroxides via the molten salts method.

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