The impact of vehicle moving violations and freeway traffic flow on crash risk: An application of plugin development for microsimulation.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Wang J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5590972 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND:Law enforcement traffic stops are one of the most common entryways to the US justice system. Conventional frameworks suggest traffic stops promote public safety by reducing dangerous driving practices and non-vehicular crime. Law enforcement agencies have wide latitude in enforcement, including prioritization of stop types: (1) safety (e.g. moving violation) stops, (2) investigatory stops, or (3) economic (regulatory and equipment) stops. In order to prevent traffic crash fatalities and reduce racial disparities, the police department of Fayetteville, North Carolina significantly re-prioritized safety stops. METHODS:Annual traffic stop, motor vehicle crash, and crime data from 2002 to 2016 were combined to examine intervention (2013-2016) effects. Fayetteville was compared against synthetic control agencies built from 8 similar North Carolina agencies by weighted matching on pre-intervention period trends and comparison against post-intervention trends. RESULTS:On average over the intervention period as compared to synthetic controls, Fayetteville increased both the number of safety stops +?121% (95% confidence interval?+?17%, +?318%) and the relative proportion of safety stops (+?47%). Traffic crash and injury outcomes were reduced, including traffic fatalities -?28% (-?64%, +?43%), injurious crashes -?23% (-?49%, +?16%), and total crashes -?13% (-?48%, +?21%). Disparity measures were reduced, including Black percent of traffic stops -?7% (-?9%, -?5%) and Black vs. White traffic stop rate ratio?-?21% (-?29%, -?13%). In contrast to the Ferguson Effect hypothesis, the relative de-prioritization of investigatory stops was not associated with an increase in non-traffic crime outcomes, which were reduced or unchanged, including index crimes -?10% (-?25%, +?8%) and violent crimes -?2% (-?33%, +?43%). Confidence intervals were estimated using a different technique and, given small samples, may be asymmetrical. CONCLUSIONS:The re-prioritization of traffic stop types by law enforcement agencies may have positive public health consequences both for motor vehicle injury and racial disparity outcomes while having little impact on non-traffic crime.
| S-EPMC6970293 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In this paper, we aim to examine the relationship between traffic flow and potential conflict risks by using crash surrogate metrics. It has been widely recognized that one traffic flow corresponds to two distinct traffic states with different speeds and densities. In view of this, instead of simply aggregating traffic conditions with the same traffic volume, we represent potential conflict risks at a traffic flow fundamental diagram. Two crash surrogate metrics, namely, Aggregated Crash Index and Time to Collision, are used in this study to represent the potential conflict risks with respect to different traffic conditions. Furthermore, Beijing North Ring III and Next Generation SIMulation Interstate 80 datasets are utilized to carry out case studies. By using the proposed procedure, both datasets generate similar trends, which demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology and the transferability of our conclusions.
| S-EPMC5546583 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This paper introduces a new methodology for reconstructing vehicle densities of freeway segments by utilizing the limited data collected by traffic-counting sensors and developing a macroscopic traffic stream model formulated as a switched reduced-order state observer design problem with unknown or partially known inputs. Specifically, the traffic network is modeled as a hybrid dynamic system in a state space that incorporates unknown inputs. For freeway segments with traffic-counting sensors installed, vehicle densities are directly computed using field traffic count data. A reduced-order state observer is designed to analyze traffic state transitions for freeway segments without field traffic count data to indirectly estimate the vehicle densities for each freeway segment. A simulation-based experiment is performed applying the methodology and using data of a segment of Beijing Jingtong freeway in Beijing, China. The model execution results are compared with the field data associated with the same freeway segment, and highly consistent results are achieved. The proposed methodology is expected to be adopted by traffic engineers to evaluate freeway operations and develop effective management strategies.
| S-EPMC7147469 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveOne-third of autistic individuals obtain a driver's license by age 21 years; however, prior studies suggest they may be at heightened risk for motor vehicle crashes. We compared objective rates of crashes, traffic violations, and license suspensions for newly licensed autistic and non-autistic adolescents.MethodThis retrospective cohort study included New Jersey residents born from 1987 through 2000 who were patients of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia health care network. Electronic health records were linked with statewide driver licensing and crash databases. Autism status was classified via International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnostic codes; individuals with intellectual disability were excluded. We compared rates among 486 autistic and 70,990 non-autistic licensed drivers over their first 48 months of driving. Furthermore, we examined the proportion of crashes attributed to specific driver actions and crash types.ResultsCompared with non-autistic drivers, autistic drivers were estimated to have lower average monthly rates of crash involvement (adjusted rate ratio (adjRR) = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.75-1.05), moving violations (adjRR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.48-0.67), and suspensions (adjRR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.18-0.58). Among drivers involved in a crash, autistic drivers were half as likely to crash because of unsafe speed, but substantially more likely to crash because of their failure to yield to a vehicle/pedestrian and while making left-turns or U-turns.ConclusionNewly licensed autistic adolescent drivers have similar to lower estimated rates of adverse driving outcomes; the extent to which these can be attributed to different driving patterns is a critical point for future investigation. There were several notable differences in the characteristics of these crashes, which directly inform interventions to improve driving safety of autistic adolescent drivers.
| S-EPMC8918049 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Nowadays, many smart-phones and vehicles are equipped with Global Position System (GPS) for tracking and navigation purposes, providing an opportunity to derive highly representative local vehicular flow and estimate vehicular emissions information. Here, we report and discuss methods used to handle large volumes of such activity data, namely 124 million GPS recordings from the web page Maplink.com.br, extract high spatial resolution vehicular flow information for a vast area in South-east Brazil, and correct for bias using traffic counts observations for the same area. The method consists in filter speed and accelerations, assign buffers to the road network, aggregate speed by street, fill missing number of lanes, generate traffic flow. Methods presented here were used to inform traffic-related air quality modelling and used as part of local air pollution management activities but are also amenable to any work that would be enhanced by more locally representative or time-resolved inputs for traffic flow, e.g. traffic network management, and demand modelling. •124 million GPS observations from electronic devices were used to generate traffic flow.•Spatial bias was investigated and accounted for using independent local traffic count data.•Traffic count rescaled GPS traffic flow provide a robust description of spatial and quantitative traffic patterns.
| S-EPMC6812335 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionPregnancy causes diverse physiologic and lifestyle changes that may contribute to increased driving and driving error. We compared the risk of a serious motor vehicle crash during the second trimester to the baseline risk before pregnancy.MethodsWe conducted a population-based self-matched longitudinal cohort analysis of women who gave birth in Ontario between April 1, 2006, and March 31, 2011. We excluded women less than age 18 years, those living outside Ontario, those who lacked a valid health card identifier under universal insurance, and those under the care of a midwife. The primary outcome was a motor vehicle crash resulting in a visit to an emergency department.ResultsA total of 507,262 women gave birth during the study period. These women accounted for 6922 motor vehicle crashes as drivers during the 3-year baseline interval (177 per mo) and 757 motor vehicle crashes as drivers during the second trimester (252 per mo), equivalent to a 42% relative increase (95% confidence interval 32%-53%; p<0.001). The increased risk extended to diverse populations, varied obstetrical cases and different crash characteristics. The increased risk was largest in the early second trimester and compensated for by the third trimester. No similar increase was observed in crashes as passengers or pedestrians, cases of intentional injury or inadvertent falls, or self-reported risky behaviours.InterpretationPregnancy is associated with a substantial risk of a serious motor vehicle crash during the second trimester. This risk merits attention for prenatal care.
| S-EPMC4081196 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC1116006 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To determine whether emergency physicians (EPs) and prehospital emergency medical services (EMS) personnel differ in their assessment of motor vehicle crash (MVC) severity and the potential for serious injury when viewing crash scene photographs.Attending and resident EPs, paramedics, and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) from a single emergency medicine system used a web-based survey platform to rate the severity of 100 crash photographs on a 10-point Likert scale (Crash Score) and the potential for serious injury on a 0-100% scale (Injury Score). Serious injury was defined as skull fracture or intracranial bleeding, spine fracture or spinal cord injury, intrathoracic or intraabdominal injury, or long bone fracture. Crash and Injury Scores were stratified into EP and paramedic/EMT (EMS) groups and the mean score was calculated for each photo. Spearman rank correlation coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and Bland-Altman plots were constructed to assess agreement. Secondary analyses were performed after categorizing data into quartiles based on participants' estimations of MVC severity.A total of 54 attending and 53 resident EPs, 156 paramedics, and 34 EMTs were invited to participate in the survey. Of these, 39 (72%) attending and 46 (87%) resident EPs, 107 (69%) paramedics, and 17 (50%) EMTs completed the survey. A total of 183 (88%) surveys were completed in full. The overall Crash Score correlation coefficient between EPs and EMS was 0.98 (95% CI, 0.97-0.99). The Crash Score correlation coefficients for each quartile were 0.86 (0.57-0.97), 0.93 (0.85-0.96), 0.58 (0.16-0.85), and 0.88 (0.66-0.97), respectively. The overall Injury Score correlation coefficient between EPs and EMS was 0.98 (0.88-0.97). The Injury Score correlation coefficients for each quartile were 0.94 (0.48-0.91), 0.76 (0.50-0.92), 0.80 (0.69-1.00), and 0.94 (0.57-0.97), respectively.Although overall agreement between EPs and EMS personnel was excellent, differences in estimation of crash severity and potential for injury were identified among crashes estimated to be moderate in severity.
| S-EPMC4915374 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundEvidence whether individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk for traffic violations/collisions is mixed. This study investigated the association between ADHD and traffic violations among youth and young adults; examined whether this association differed by age, sex, or comorbid mental or physical problems; and modelled factors associated with traffic violations among individuals with ADHD.MethodsData come from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health (CCHS-MH), a cross-sectional epidemiological study. The sample was restricted to youth and young adults aged 15 to 39 years and categorized into 3 groups: 15 to 19 years (n = 1886), 20 to 29 years (n = 3679), and 30 to 39 years (n = 3659). Lifetime ADHD and past-year contact with police for traffic violations were self-reported. Logistic regression models quantified the association between ADHD and traffic violations, stratified by age. Interactions were included to examine moderating effects.ResultsNo evidence suggested an association between ADHD and past-year traffic violations (odds ratio [OR], 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.64 to 1.79), age-specific estimates did not differ across age groups (P = 0.696), and no factors moderated the association. Three factors were found to increase odds for past-year traffic violations among individuals with ADHD: aged 20 to 29 years (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.47 to 10.06), male sex (OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.39 to 8.59), and white ethnicity (OR, 5.62; 95% CI, 1.24 to 25.51).ConclusionsIndividuals with ADHD are not an at-risk group for traffic violations but instead share similar risk factors with individuals in the general population without ADHD-information useful for health professionals. Replication studies are needed to examine the robustness of these findings.
| S-EPMC6610566 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMotorcycles are one of the important members of commercial transportation because of the convenient use during congested traffic conditions and the ease of parking in narrow streets. This study investigates the characteristics of crashes and traffic signal violations caused by motorcycle couriers.MethodsFrom the national compensation data, this study analyzed the traffic crashes caused by 671 motorcycle couriers.ResultsAmong 671 injured couriers, 50.6% were aged less than 40 years, 49.2% run in a small business of <5 employees, and 47.2% had work experience of <6 months. Motorcycle crashes occurred mainly due to "rider overturned alone" (67.5%), in the daytime (73.5%), or on cloudy or clear days (77.2%). However, the violation rate caused by motorcycle couriers was high in couriers in a small business of <5 employees (13.9%), with work experience of <6 months (13.9%), on cloudy or clear days (12.4%), on an intersection (29.8%), in the type of "crash with a vehicle" (31.2%), or in a death accident (35.7%).ConclusionThe findings of this study can be used as a baseline in devising policies for preventing crashes of motorcycle couriers.
| S-EPMC6598799 | biostudies-literature