Dataset Information

Soil transmitted helminth infections are not associated with compromised antibody responses to previously administered measles and tetanus vaccines among HIV-1 infected, ART naive Kenyan adults.

ABSTRACT: In many regions of sub-Saharan Africa, both HIV and helminth infections are prevalent. HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) and helminth infections can both compromise immune responses in humans. To determine whether the presence of helminth infection or the treatment of helminth infection alters unstimulated vaccine responses among HIV-1 infected individuals, we conducted two nested serologic studies. Blood samples were collected for HIV disease monitoring and vaccine-specific serologic assays, while stool was evaluated by direct microscopy methods. We compared antibody responses to measles and tetanus vaccines in helminth-infected (Ascaris, Trichuris, hookworm and/or Schistosoma mansoni) and uninfected adults 18 years and older (n=100). We also compared measles and tetanus antibody responses in Ascaris only-infected adults receiving 400 mg albendazole daily for 3 days (n=16) vs. placebo (n=19) in a separate study. In both cohorts, over 70% of participants had measles and tetanus responses above the protective threshold. Prevalence of measles responses were similar between helminth-infected and uninfected individuals (82%, 95% CI: 71-93% vs 72%, 95% CI: 59-85%), as well as log10 tetanus antibody levels (-0.133 IU/mL vs -0.190 IU/mL, p>0.05), and did not differ by helminth species. In the Ascaris-infected cohort, changes in measles responses and tetanus responses did not differ between those who received anthelminthic vs. placebo (p>0.05 for both). In these studies, neither helminth infection, nor deworming, appeared to affect previously administered vaccine responsiveness in HIV-1 infected, ART naïve, adults in Kenya.

SUBMITTER: Storey HL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5600515 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Soil transmitted helminth infections are not associated with compromised antibody responses to previously administered measles and tetanus vaccines among HIV-1 infected, ART naïve Kenyan adults.

Storey Helen L HL Singa Benson B Naulikha Jackie J Horton Helen H Richardson Barbra A BA John-Stewart Grace G Walson Judd L JL

Parasite epidemiology and control 20170103 1

In many regions of sub-Saharan Africa, both HIV and helminth infections are prevalent. HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) and helminth infections can both compromise immune responses in humans. To determine whether the presence of helminth infection or the treatment of helminth infection alters unstimulated vaccine responses among HIV-1 infected individuals, we conducted two nested serologic studies. Blood samples were collected for HIV disease monitoring and vaccine-specific serologic ...[more]

PMID: 28924616

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Project description:BACKGROUND:The dynamics of helminth infection in African elephant populations are poorly known. We examined the effects of age, sex, social structure and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as primary drivers of infection patterns within and between elephant populations. METHODS:Coprological methods were used to identify helminths and determine infection patterns in distinct elephant populations in Maasai Mara National Reserve, Tsavo East National Park, Amboseli National Park and Laikipia-Samburu Ecosystem. Gaussian finite mixture cluster analyses of egg dimensions were used to classify helminth eggs according to genera. Generalized linear models (GLM) and Chi-square analyses were used to test for variation in helminth infection patterns and to identify drivers in elephant populations. RESULTS:Helminth prevalence varied significantly between the studied populations. Nematode prevalence (96.3%) was over twice as high as that of trematodes (39.1%) in elephants. Trematode prevalence but not nematode prevalence varied between populations. Although we found no associations between helminth infection and elephant social groups (male vs family groups), the median helminth egg output (eggs per gram, epg) did vary between social groups: family groups had significantly higher median epg than solitary males or males in bachelor groups. Young males in mixed sex family groups had lower epg than females when controlling for population and age; these differences, however, were not statistically significant. The average NDVI over a three-month period varied between study locations. Cluster analyses based on egg measurements revealed the presence of Protofasciola sp., Brumptia sp., Murshidia sp., Quilonia sp. and Mammomonogamus sp. GLM analyses showed that the mean epg was positively influenced by a three-month cumulative mean NDVI and by social group; female social groups had higher epg than male groups. GLM analyses also revealed that epg varied between elephant populations: Samburu-Laikipia elephants had a higher and Tsavo elephants a lower epg than Amboseli elephants. CONCLUSIONS:Elephants had infection patterns characterized by within- and between-population variation in prevalence and worm burden. Sociality and NDVI were the major drivers of epg but not of helminth prevalence. Gastrointestinal parasites can have a negative impact on the health of wild elephants, especially during resource scarcity. Thus, our results will be important when deciding intervention strategies.

Project description:Introduction: Resistance to antiretroviral drugs can complicate the management of HIV-1 infection and impair control of its spread. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence and transmission of HIV-1 drug resistance among 106 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve patients diagnosed in Iceland (1996-2012). Methods: HIV-1 polymerase sequences were analysed using the Calibrated Population Resistance tool. Domestic spread of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was investigated through maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Results: Among ART-naïve patients, the prevalence of TDR to any of the following classes (NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs) was 8.5% (95% CI: 4.5%- 15.4%): 6.6% to NRTIs, 0.9% to NNRTIs, and 1.9% to PIs. The most frequent NRTI mutation detected was T215C/D (n=7, 5.7%). The only NNRTI mutation detected was K103N (n=1, 0.9%). PI mutations detected were M46I (n=1, 0.9%) and L90M (n=1, 0.9%). Six patients harbouring T215C/D, were linked in a supported phylogenetic cluster. No significant association was found between TDR and demographic or risk groups. Trend analysis showed a decrease in the prevalence of TDR (1996-2012, p=0.003). Conclusions: TDR prevalence in Iceland was at a moderate level and decreased during 1996-2012. Screening for TDR is recommended to limit its local spread and to optimize HIV-1 therapy. Abbreviations: ART: Anti-retroviral therapy; ARV: antiretroviral; ATV/r: atazanavir/ritonavir; AZT: azidothymidine; BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees; CI: confidence interval; CPR: calibrated population resistance; CRF: circulating recombinant form; d4T: stavudine; EFV: efavirenz; FET: Fishers' exact test; FPV/r: fosamprenavir/ritonavir; HET: heterosexual; IDU: injection drug use; IDV/r: indinavir/ritonavir; LPV/r: lopinavir/ritonavir; MSM: men who have sex with men; M-W: Mann-Whitney U test; NFV: nelfinavir; NNRTIs: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NRTIs: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NVP: nevirapine; PIs: protease inhibitors; pol: polymerase gene; SDRM: surveillance drug resistance mutation; SQV/r: saquinavir/ritonavir; TDR: transmitted drug resistance.

Project description:BackgroundHIV-transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is found in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve populations infected with HIV-1 with TDR mutations and is important for guiding future first- and second-line ART regimens. We investigated TDR and its effect on CD4 count in ART-naïve youths from the China-Myanmar border near the Golden Triangle to better understand TDR and effectively guide ART.MethodsFrom 2009 to 2017, 10,832 HIV-1 infected individuals were newly reported along the Dehong border of China, 573 ART-naïve youths (16?~?25 y) were enrolled. CD4 counts were obtained from whole blood samples. HIV pol gene sequences were amplified from RNA extracted from plasma. The Stanford REGA program and jpHMM recombination prediction tool were used to determine genotypes. TDR mutations (TDRMs) were analyzed using the Stanford Calibrated Population Resistance tool.ResultsThe most common infection route was heterosexuals (70.51%), followed by people who inject drugs (PWID, 19.20%) and men who have sex with men (MSM) (8.90%). The distribution of HIV genotypes mainly included the unique recombinant form (URF) (44.08%), 38.68% were CRFs, 13.24% were subtype C and 4.04% were subtype B. The prevalence of TDR increased significantly from 2009 to 2017 (3.48 to 9.48%) in ART-naïve youths (4.00 to 13.16% in Burmese subjects, 3.33 to 5.93% in Chinese subjects), and the resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) were 3.49, 2.62, and 0.52%, respectively. Most (94.40%, n?=?34) of HIV-1-infected patients with TDRM had mutation that conferred resistance to a single drug class. The most common mutations Y181I/C and K103N, were found in 7 and 9 youths, respectively. The mean CD4 count was significantly lower among individuals with TDRMs (373/mm3 vs. 496/mm3, p?=?0.013).ConclusionsThe increase in the prevalence of HIV-1 TDR increase and a low CD4 count of patients with TDRMs in the China-Myanmar border suggests the need for considering drug resistance before initiating ART in HIV recombination hotspots.

Project description:BackgroundTransmitted drug resistance (TDR) is an increasingly prevalent problem worldwide, which will significantly compromise the effectiveness of HIV treatments. However, in Nanjing, China, there is still a dearth of research on the prevalence and transmission of TDR among ART-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals. This study aimed to understand the prevalence and transmission of TDR in Nanjing.MethodsA total of 1,393 participants who were newly diagnosed with HIV-1 and had not received ART between January 2019 and December 2021 were enrolled in this study. HIV-1 pol gene sequence was obtained by viral RNA extraction and nested PCR amplification. Genotypes, TDR and transmission cluster analyses were conducted using phylogenetic tree, Stanford HIV database algorithm and HIV-TRACE, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with TDR.ResultsA total of 1,161 sequences were successfully sequenced, of which CRF07_BC (40.6%), CRF01_AE (38.4%) and CRF105_0107 (6.3%) were the main HIV-1 genotypes. The overall prevalence of TDR was 7.8%, with 2.0% to PIs, 1.0% to NRTIs, and 4.8% to NNRTIs. No sequence showed double-class resistance. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that compared with CRF01_AE, subtype B (OR = 2.869, 95%CI: 1.093-7.420) and female (OR = 2.359, 95%CI: 1.182-4.707) were risk factors for TDR. Q58E was the most prevalent detected protease inhibitor (PI) -associated mutation, and V179E was the most frequently detected non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) -associated mutation. A total of 613 (52.8%) sequences were segregated into 137 clusters, ranging from 2 to 74 sequences. Among 44 individuals with TDR (48.4%) within 21 clusters, K103N/KN was the most frequent TDR-associated mutation (31.8%), followed by Q58E/QE (20.5%) and G190A (15.9%). Individuals with the same TDR-associated mutations were usually cross-linked in transmission clusters. Moreover, we identified 9 clusters in which there was a transmission relationship between drug-resistant individuals, and 4 clusters in which drug-resistant cases increased during the study period.ConclusionThe overall prevalence of TDR in Nanjing was at a moderate level during the past 3 years. However, nearly half of TDR individuals were included in the transmission clusters, and some drug-resistant individuals have transmitted in the clusters. Therefore, HIV drug-resistance prevention, monitoring and response efforts should be sustained and expanded to reduce the prevalence and transmission of TDR in Nanjing.

Project description:BackgroundIn Brazil, preventive chemotherapy targeting soil-transmitted helminthiasis is being scaled-up. Hence, spatially explicit estimates of infection risks providing information about the current situation are needed to guide interventions. Available high-resolution national model-based estimates either rely on analyses of data restricted to a given period of time, or on historical data collected over a longer period. While efforts have been made to take into account the spatial structure of the data in the modelling approach, little emphasis has been placed on the temporal dimension.MethodsWe extracted georeferenced survey data on the prevalence of infection with soil-transmitted helminths (i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura) in Brazil from the Global Neglected Tropical Diseases (GNTD) database. Selection of the most important predictors of infection risk was carried out using a Bayesian geostatistical approach and temporal models that address non-linearity and correlation of the explanatory variables. The spatial process was estimated through a predictive process approximation. Spatio-temporal models were built on the selected predictors with integrated nested Laplace approximation using stochastic partial differential equations.ResultsOur models revealed that, over the past 20 years, the risk of soil-transmitted helminth infection has decreased in Brazil, mainly because of the reduction of A. lumbricoides and hookworm infections. From 2010 onwards, we estimate that the infection prevalences with A. lumbricoides, hookworm and T. trichiura are 3.6%, 1.7% and 1.4%, respectively. We also provide a map highlighting municipalities in need of preventive chemotherapy, based on a predicted soil-transmitted helminth infection risk in excess of 20%. The need for treatments in the school-aged population at the municipality level was estimated at 1.8 million doses of anthelminthic tablets per year.ConclusionsThe analysis of the spatio-temporal aspect of the risk of infection with soil-transmitted helminths contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of risk over time. Risk estimates provide the soil-transmitted helminthiasis control programme in Brazil with useful benchmark information for prioritising and improving spatial and temporal targeting of interventions.

Project description:BackgroundSoil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are still prevalent among schoolchildren in the Philippines. We evaluated the risk factors associated with STH and the relationship between STH and nutritional indices among schoolchildren aged 9-10 years in Laguna province, the Philippines.MethodsWe used the baseline data from 40 schools enrolled in a randomised controlled trial of the Magic Glasses Philippines health education package. Data on demographic and socio-economic variables, and STH related knowledge, attitudes and practices, were obtained through a questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and assessed for STH egg presence using the Kato-Katz technique. Haemoglobin levels and height and weight of study participants were also determined. The generalized estimating equations approach was used to construct logistic regression models to assess STH-associated risk factors, and the association between any STH infection and anaemia, child stunting, wasting and being underweight. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000508471).FindingsAmong 1,689 schoolchildren, the prevalence of any STH was 23%. The prevalence of anaemia, stunting, being underweight and wasting was 13%, 20.2%, 19% and 9.5%, respectively. Age, socio-economic status, rural/urban classification of schools and knowledge of STH were significant risk factors for acquiring a STH infection. Moreover, infections with any STH were significantly associated with stunting (P = <0.001) and being underweight (P = <0.003), but not wasting (P = 0.375) or anaemia (P = 0.462) after controlling for confounding covariates.ConclusionThe study findings emphasise the need for sustainable deworming in tandem with other measures such as the provision of health education, improvements in sanitation and hygiene, and nutritional programs in order to control STH infections and improve morbidity outcomes in schoolchildren.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000508471).

Dataset Information

Soil transmitted helminth infections are not associated with compromised antibody responses to previously administered measles and tetanus vaccines among HIV-1 infected, ART naive Kenyan adults.

Publications

Soil transmitted helminth infections are not associated with compromised antibody responses to previously administered measles and tetanus vaccines among HIV-1 infected, ART naïve Kenyan adults.

Similar Datasets

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