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Usefulness of radiological signs of pulmonary congestion in predicting failed spontaneous breathing trials.

ABSTRACT: Inspiratory fall in intrathoracic pressure during a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) may precipitate cardiac dysfunction and acute pulmonary edema. We aimed to determine the relationship between radiological signs of pulmonary congestion prior to an SBT and weaning outcomes. This was a post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study involving patients in an adult medical-surgical ICU. All enrolled individuals met the eligibility criteria for liberation from mechanical ventilation. Tracheostomized subjects were excluded. The primary endpoint was SBT failure, defined as the inability to tolerate a T-piece trial for 30-120 min. An attending radiologist applied a radiological score on interpretation of digital chest X-rays performed before the SBT. A total of 170 T-piece trials were carried out; SBT failure occurred in 28 trials (16.4%), and 133 subjects (78.3%) were extubated at first attempt. Radiological scores were similar between SBT-failure and SBT-success groups (median [interquartile range] = 3 [2-4] points vs. 3 [2-4] points; p = 0.15), which, according to the score criteria, represented interstitial lung congestion. The analysis of ROC curves demonstrated poor accuracy (area under the curve = 0.58) of chest x-rays findings of congestion prior to the SBT for discriminating between SBT failure and SBT success. No correlation was found between fluid balance in the 48 h preceding the SBT and radiological score results (? = -0.13). Radiological findings of pulmonary congestion should not delay SBT indication, given that they did not predict weaning failure in the medical-surgical critically ill population. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02022839 [http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/]).

SUBMITTER: Antonio ACP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5687960 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jul-Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Usefulness of radiological signs of pulmonary congestion in predicting failed spontaneous breathing trials.

Antonio Ana Carolina Peçanha ACP Teixeira Cassiano C Castro Priscylla Souza PS Zanardo Ana Paula AP Gazzana Marcelo Basso MB Knorst Marli M

Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia 20170701 4

Inspiratory fall in intrathoracic pressure during a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) may precipitate cardiac dysfunction and acute pulmonary edema. We aimed to determine the relationship between radiological signs of pulmonary congestion prior to an SBT and weaning outcomes. This was a post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study involving patients in an adult medical-surgical ICU. All enrolled individuals met the eligibility criteria for liberation from mechanical ventilation. Tracheostomiz ...[more]

PMID: 29364998

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Project description:ImportanceSpontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) are used to determine extubation readiness in extremely preterm neonates (gestational age ≤28 weeks), but these trials rely on empirical combinations of clinical events during endotracheal continuous positive airway pressure (ET-CPAP).ObjectivesTo describe clinical events during ET-CPAP and to assess accuracy of comprehensive clinical event combinations in predicting successful extubation compared with clinical judgment alone.Design, setting, and participantsThis multicenter diagnostic study used data from 259 neonates seen at 5 neonatal intensive care units from the prospective Automated Prediction of Extubation Readiness (APEX) study from September 1, 2013, through August 31, 2018. Neonates with birth weight less than 1250 g who required mechanical ventilation were eligible. Neonates deemed to be ready for extubation and who underwent ET-CPAP before extubation were included.InterventionsIn the APEX study, cardiorespiratory signals were recorded during 5-minute ET-CPAP, and signs of clinical instability were monitored.Main outcomes and measuresFour clinical events were documented during ET-CPAP: apnea requiring stimulation, presence and cumulative durations of bradycardia and desaturation, and increased supplemental oxygen. Clinical event occurrence was assessed and compared between extubation pass and fail (defined as reintubation within 7 days). An automated algorithm was developed to generate SBT definitions using all clinical event combinations and to compute diagnostic accuracies of an SBT in predicting extubation success.ResultsOf 259 neonates (139 [54%] male) with a median gestational age of 26.1 weeks (interquartile range [IQR], 24.9-27.4 weeks) and median birth weight of 830 g (IQR, 690-1019 g), 147 (57%) had at least 1 clinical event during ET-CPAP. Apneas occurred in 10% (26 of 259) of neonates, bradycardias in 19% (48), desaturations in 53% (138), and increased oxygen needs in 41% (107). Neonates with successful extubation (71% [184 of 259]) had significantly fewer clinical events (51% [93 of 184] vs 72% [54 of 75], P = .002), shorter cumulative bradycardia duration (median, 0 seconds [IQR, 0 seconds] vs 0 seconds [IQR, 0-9 seconds], P < .001), shorter cumulative desaturation duration (median, 0 seconds [IQR, 0-59 seconds] vs 25 seconds [IQR, 0-90 seconds], P = .003), and less increase in oxygen (median, 0% [IQR, 0%-6%] vs 5% [0%-18%], P < .001) compared with neonates with failed extubation. In total, 41 602 SBT definitions were generated, demonstrating sensitivities of 51% to 100% (median, 96%) and specificities of 0% to 72% (median, 22%). Youden indices for all SBTs ranged from 0 to 0.32 (median, 0.17), suggesting low accuracy. The SBT with highest Youden index defined SBT pass as having no apnea (with desaturation requiring stimulation) or increase in oxygen requirements by 15% from baseline and predicted extubation success with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 39%.Conclusions and relevanceThe findings suggest that extremely preterm neonates commonly show signs of clinical instability during ET-CPAP and that the accuracy of multiple clinical event combinations to define SBTs is low. Thus, SBTs may provide little added value in the assessment of extubation readiness.

Project description:BackgroundRecent guidelines recommended conducting spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) with modest inspiratory pressure augmentation rather than T-piece or continuous positive airway pressure. However, it was based on few studies focused on the outcomes of extubation rather than the weaning process, despite the existence of various weaning situations in clinical practice. This study was designed to investigate the effects of SBT with pressure support ventilation (PSV) or T-piece on weaning outcomes.MethodsAll consecutive patients admitted to two medical intensive care units (ICUs) and those requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) for more than 24 h from November 1, 2017 to September 30, 2020 were prospectively registered. T-piece trial was used until March 2019, and then, pressure support of 8 cmH2O and 0 positive end-expiratory pressure were used for SBT since July 2019, after a 3-month transition period for the revised SBT protocol. The primary outcome of this study was successful weaning defined according to the WIND (Weaning according to a New Definition) definition and were compared between the T-piece group and PSV group. The association between the SBT method and weaning outcome was evaluated with logistic regression analysis.ResultsIn this study, 787 eligible patients were divided into the T-piece (n = 473) and PSV (n = 314) groups after excluding patients for a 3-month transition period. Successful weaning was not different between the two groups (85.0% vs. 86.3%; p = 0.607). However, the PSV group had a higher proportion of short weaning (70.1% vs. 59.0%; p = 0.002) and lower proportion of difficult weaning (13.1% vs. 24.1%; p < 0.001) than the T-piece group. The proportion of prolonged weaning was similar between the two groups (16.9% vs. 16.9%; p = 0.990). After excluding patients who underwent tracheostomy before the SBTs, similar results were found. Reintubation rates at 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days following the planned extubation were not different between the PSV and T-piece groups. Moreover, no significant differences in intensive care unit and hospital mortality and length of stay were observed.ConclusionsIn critically ill medical patients, SBT using PSV was not associated with a higher rate of successful weaning compared with SBT using T-piece. However, PSV could shorten the weaning process without increasing the risk of reintubation.

Project description:Integrating spontaneous breathing into mechanical ventilation (MV) can speed up liberation from it and reduce its invasiveness. On the other hand, inadequate and asynchronous spontaneous breathing has the potential to aggravate lung injury. During use of airway-pressure-release-ventilation (APRV), the assisted breaths are difficult to measure. We developed an algorithm to differentiate the breaths in a setting of lung injury in spontaneously breathing ewes. We hypothesized that differentiation of breaths into spontaneous, mechanical and assisted is feasible using a specially developed for this purpose algorithm. Ventilation parameters were recorded by software that integrated ventilator output variables. The flow signal, measured by the EVITA® XL (Lübeck, Germany), was measured every 2 ms by a custom Java-based computerized algorithm (Breath-Sep). By integrating the flow signal, tidal volume (VT) of each breath was calculated. By using the flow curve the algorithm separated the different breaths and numbered them for each time point. Breaths were separated into mechanical, assisted and spontaneous. Bland Altman analysis was used to compare parameters. Comparing the values calculated by Breath-Sep with the data from the EVITA® using Bland-Altman analyses showed a mean bias of - 2.85% and 95% limits of agreement from - 25.76 to 20.06% for MVtotal. For respiratory rate (RR) RRset a bias of 0.84% with a SD of 1.21% and 95% limits of agreement from - 1.53 to 3.21% were found. In the cluster analysis of the 25th highest breaths of each group RRtotal was higher using the EVITA®. In the mechanical subgroup the values for RRspont and MVspont the EVITA® showed higher values compared to Breath-Sep. We developed a computerized method for respiratory flow-curve based differentiation of breathing cycle components during mechanical ventilation with superimposed spontaneous breathing. Further studies in humans and optimizing of this technique is necessary to allow for real-time use at the bedside.

Project description:BackgroundThe optimal length of spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) in children is unknown.Research questionsWhat are the most common reasons for SBT failure in children, and when do they occur? Can clinical parameters at the 30-min mark of a 120-min SBT predict outcome?Study design and methodsWe performed a secondary analysis of a clinical trial in pediatric ARDS, in which 2-h SBTs are conducted daily. SBT failure is based on objective criteria, including esophageal manometry for effort of breathing, categorized as passage, early failure (≤ 30 min), or late failure (30-120 min). Spirometry was used to calculate respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (Vt), and rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI), in addition to pulse oximetry and capnography. Predictive models evaluated parameters at 30 min against SBT outcome, using receiver operating characteristic plots and area under the curve.ResultsWe included 100 children and 305 SBTs, with 42% of SBTs being successful, 32% failing within 30 min, and 25% failing between 30 and 120 min. Of the patients passing SBTs at 30 min, 40% went on to fail by 120 min. High respiratory effort (esophageal manometry) was present in > 80% of failed SBTs. At the 30-min mark, there were no clear thresholds for RR, Vt, RSBI, Fio2, oxygen saturation, or capnography that could reliably predict SBT outcome. Multivariable modeling identified RR (P < .001) and RSBI > 7 (P = .034) at 30 min, pre-SBT inspiratory pressure level (P = .009), and pre-SBT retractions (P = .042) as predictors for SBT failure, but this model performed poorly in an independent validation set with the receiver operating characteristic plot crossing the reference line (area under the curve, 0.67).InterpretationA 30-min SBT may be too short in children recovering from pediatric ARDS because many go on to fail between 30 and 120 min. Reassuring values of Vt, RR, and gas exchange at 30 min do not reliably predict SBT passage at 2 h, likely because they do not capture the effort of breathing.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT03266016; URL: www.Clinicaltrialsgov.

Project description:Predicting whether an obese critically ill patient can be successfully extubated may be specially challenging. Several weaning tests have been described but no physiological study has evaluated the weaning test that would best reflect the post-extubation inspiratory effort.This was a physiological randomized crossover study in a medical and surgical single-center Intensive Care Unit, in patients with body mass index (BMI) >35 kg/m2 who were mechanically ventilated for more than 24 h and underwent a weaning test. After randomization, 17 patients were explored using five settings : pressure support ventilation (PSV) 7 and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 7 cmH2O; PSV 0 and PEEP 7cmH2O; PSV 7 and PEEP 0 cmH2O; PSV 0 and PEEP 0 cmH2O; and a T piece, and after extubation. To further minimize interaction between each setting, a period of baseline ventilation was performed between each step of the study. We hypothesized that the post-extubation work of breathing (WOB) would be similar to the T-tube WOB.Respiratory variables and esophageal and gastric pressure were recorded. Inspiratory muscle effort was calculated as the esophageal and trans-diaphragmatic pressure time products and WOB. Sixteen obese patients (BMI 44 kg/m2?±?8) were included and successfully extubated. Post-extubation inspiratory effort, calculated by WOB, was 1.56 J/L?±?0.50, not statistically different from the T piece (1.57 J/L?±?0.56) or PSV 0 and PEEP 0 cmH2O (1.58 J/L?±?0.57), whatever the index of inspiratory effort. The three tests that maintained pressure support statistically underestimated post-extubation inspiratory effort (WOB 0.69 J/L?±?0.31, 1.15 J/L?±?0.39 and 1.09 J/L?±?0.49, respectively, p?<?0.001). Respiratory mechanics and arterial blood gases did not differ between the five tests and the post-extubation condition.In obese patients, inspiratory effort measured during weaning tests with either a T-piece or a PSV 0 and PEEP 0 was not different to post-extubation inspiratory effort. In contrast, weaning tests with positive pressure overestimated post-extubation inspiratory effort.Clinical trial.gov (reference NCT01616901 ), 2012, June 4th.

Project description:Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist (NAVA) is a proportional ventilatory mode that uses the electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) to offer ventilatory assistance in proportion to patient effort. NAVA has been increasingly used for critically ill patients, but it has not been evaluated during spontaneous breathing trials (SBT). We designed a pilot trial to assess the feasibility of using NAVA during SBTs, and to compare the breathing pattern and patient-ventilator asynchrony of NAVA with Pressure Support (PSV) during SBTs.We conducted a crossover trial in the ICU of a university hospital in Brazil and included mechanically ventilated patients considered ready to undergo an SBT on the day of the study. Patients underwent two SBTs in randomized order: 30 min in PSV of 5 cmH2O or NAVA titrated to generate equivalent peak airway pressure (Paw), with a positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cmH2O. The ICU team, blinded to ventilatory mode, evaluated whether patients passed each SBT. We captured flow, Paw and electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) from the ventilator and used it to calculate respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (VT), and EAdi. Detection of asynchrony events used waveform analysis and we calculated the asynchrony index as the number of asynchrony events divided by the number of neural cycles.We included 20 patients in the study. All patients passed the SBT in PSV, and three failed the SBT in NAVA. Five patients were reintubated and the extubation failure rate was 25% (95% CI 9-49%). Respiratory parameters were similar in the two modes: VT = 6.1 (5.5-6.5) mL/Kg in NAVA vs. 5.5 (4.8-6.1) mL/Kg in PSV (p = 0.076) and RR = 27 (17-30) rpm in NAVA vs. 26 (20-30) rpm in PSV, p = 0.55. NAVA reduced AI, with a median of 11.5% (4.2-19.7) compared to 24.3% (6.3-34.3) in PSV (p = 0.033).NAVA reduces patient-ventilator asynchrony index and generates a respiratory pattern similar to PSV during SBTs. Patients considered ready for mechanical ventilation liberation may be submitted to an SBT in NAVA using the same objective criteria used for SBTs in PSV.ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01337271 ), registered April 12, 2011.

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Usefulness of radiological signs of pulmonary congestion in predicting failed spontaneous breathing trials.

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Usefulness of radiological signs of pulmonary congestion in predicting failed spontaneous breathing trials.

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