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Evaluation of digital radiography practice using exposure index tracking.

ABSTRACT: Some digital radiography (DR) detectors and software allow for remote download of exam statistics, including image reject status, body part, projection, and exposure index (EI). The ability to have automated data collection from multiple DR units is conducive to a quality control (QC) program monitoring institutional radiographic exposures. We have implemented such a QC program with the goal to identify outliers in machine radiation output and opportunities for improvement in radiation dose levels. We studied the QC records of four digital detectors in greater detail on a monthly basis for one year. Although individual patient entrance skin exposure varied, the radiation dose levels to the detectors were made to be consistent via phototimer recalibration. The exposure data stored on each digital detector were periodically downloaded in a spreadsheet format for analysis. EI median and stan-dard deviation were calculated for each protocol (by body part) and EI histograms were created for torso protocols. When histograms of EI values for different units were compared, we observed differences up to 400 in average EI (representing 60% difference in radiation levels to the detector) between units nominally cali-brated to the same EI. We identified distinct components of the EI distributions, which in some cases, had mean EI values 300 apart. Peaks were observed at the current calibrated EI, a previously calibrated EI, and an EI representing computed radiography (CR) techniques. Our findings in this ongoing project have allowed us to make useful interventions, from emphasizing the use of phototimers instead of institutional memory of manual techniques to improvements in our phototimer calibration. We believe that this QC program can be implemented at other sites and can reveal problems with radiation levels in the aggregate that are difficult to identify on a case-by-case basis.

SUBMITTER: Scott AW

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5690495 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Evaluation of digital radiography practice using exposure index tracking.

Scott Alexander W AW Zhou Yifang Y Allahverdian Janet J Nute Jessica L JL Lee Christina C

Journal of applied clinical medical physics 20161108 6

Some digital radiography (DR) detectors and software allow for remote download of exam statistics, including image reject status, body part, projection, and exposure index (EI). The ability to have automated data collection from multiple DR units is conducive to a quality control (QC) program monitoring institutional radiographic exposures. We have implemented such a QC program with the goal to identify outliers in machine radiation output and opportunities for improvement in radiation dose leve ...[more]

PMID: 27929507

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Project description:Purpose To conduct a multi-institutional, multireader study to compare the performance of digital tomosynthesis, dual-energy (DE) imaging, and conventional chest radiography for pulmonary nodule detection and management. Materials and Methods In this binational, institutional review board-approved, HIPAA-compliant prospective study, 158 subjects (43 subjects with normal findings) were enrolled at four institutions. Informed consent was obtained prior to enrollment. Subjects underwent chest computed tomography (CT) and imaging with conventional chest radiography (posteroanterior and lateral), DE imaging, and tomosynthesis with a flat-panel imaging device. Three experienced thoracic radiologists identified true locations of nodules (n = 516, 3-20-mm diameters) with CT and recommended case management by using Fleischner Society guidelines. Five other radiologists marked nodules and indicated case management by using images from conventional chest radiography, conventional chest radiography plus DE imaging, tomosynthesis, and tomosynthesis plus DE imaging. Sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy were measured by using the free-response receiver operating characteristic method and the receiver operating characteristic method for nodule detection and case management, respectively. Results were further analyzed according to nodule diameter categories (3-4 mm, >4 mm to 6 mm, >6 mm to 8 mm, and >8 mm to 20 mm). Results Maximum lesion localization fraction was higher for tomosynthesis than for conventional chest radiography in all nodule size categories (3.55-fold for all nodules, P < .001; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.96, 4.15). Case-level sensitivity was higher with tomosynthesis than with conventional chest radiography for all nodules (1.49-fold, P < .001; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.73). Case management decisions showed better overall accuracy with tomosynthesis than with conventional chest radiography, as given by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (1.23-fold, P < .001; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.32). There were no differences in any specificity measures. DE imaging did not significantly affect nodule detection when paired with either conventional chest radiography or tomosynthesis. Conclusion Tomosynthesis outperformed conventional chest radiography for lung nodule detection and determination of case management; DE imaging did not show significant differences over conventional chest radiography or tomosynthesis alone. These findings indicate performance likely achievable with a range of reader expertise. © RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Project description:To investigate and compare the scatter rejection properties and low-contrast performance of the scan equalization digital radiography (SEDR) technique to the slot-scan and conventional full-field digital radiography techniques for chest imaging.A prototype SEDR system was designed and constructed with an a-Se flat-panel (FP) detector to improve image quality in heavily attenuating regions of an anthropomorphic chest phantom. Slot-scanning geometry was used to reject scattered radiation without attenuating primary x rays. The readout scheme of the FP was modified to erase accumulated scatter signals prior to image readout. A 24-segment beam width modulator was developed to regulate x-ray exposures regionally and compensate for the low x-ray flux in heavily attenuating regions. To measure the scatter-to-primary ratios (SPRs), a 2 mm thick lead plate with a 2-D array of aperture holes was used to measure the primary signals, which were then subtracted from those obtained without the lead plate to determine scatter components. A 2-D array of aluminum beads (3 mm in diameter) was used as the low-contrast objects to measure the contrast ratios (CRs) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) for evaluating the low-contrast performance in chest phantom images. A set of two images acquired with the same techniques were subtracted from each other to measure the noise levels. SPRs, CRs, and CNRs of the SEDR images were measured in four anatomical regions of chest phantom images and compared to those of slot-scan images and full-field images acquired with and without antiscatter grid.The percentage reduction of SPR (percentage of SPRs reduced with scatter removal/ rejection methods relative to that for nongrid full-field imaging) averaged over four anatomical regions was measured to be 80%, 83%, and 71% for SEDR, slot-scan, and full-field with grid, respectively. The average CR over four regions was found to improve over that for nongrid full-field imaging by 259%, 279%, and 145% for SEDR, slot-scan, and full-field with grid, respectively. The average CNR over four regions was found to improve over that for nongrid full-field imaging by 201% for SEDR as compared to 133% for the slot-scan technique and 14% for the antiscatter grid method.Both SEDR and slot-scan techniques outperformed the antiscatter grid method used in standard full-field radiography. For imaging with the same effective exposure, the SEDR technique offers no advantage over the slot-scan method in terms of SPRs and CRs. However, it improves CNRs significantly, especially in heavily attenuating regions. The improvement of low-contrast performance may help improve the detection of the lung nodules or other abnormalities and may offer SEDR the potential for dose reduction in chest radiography.

Project description:Background The use of head mounted display (HMD)-based immersive virtual reality (VR) coaching systems (HMD-VRC) is expected to be effective for skill acquisition in radiography. The usefulness of HMD-VRC has been reported in many previous studies. However, previous studies have evaluated the effectiveness of HMD-VRC only through questionnaires. HMD-VRC has difficulties in palpation and patient interaction compared to real-world training. It is expected that these issues will have an impact on proficiency. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of VR constraints in HMD-VRC, especially palpation and patient interaction, on radiographic skills proficiency in a real-world setting. Methods First-year students (n = 30) at a training school for radiology technologists in Japan were randomly divided into two groups, one using HMD-VRC (HMD-VRC group) and the other practicing with conventional physical equipment (RP group) and trained for approximately one hour. The teachers then evaluated the students for proficiency using a rubric method. Results In this study, it was found that some skills in the HMD-VRC group were equivalent to those of the RP group and some were significantly lower than those of the RP group. There was a significant decrease in proficiency in skills related to palpation and patient interaction. Conclusions This study suggests that HMD-VRC can be less effective than real-world training in radiographic techniques, which require palpation and patient interaction. For effective training, it is important to objectively evaluate proficiency in the real world, even for HMD-VRC with new technologies, such as haptic presentation and VR patient interaction. Trial registration The study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee of International University of Health and Welfare (Approval No.21-Im-035, Registration date: September 28, 2021). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12909-022-03645-8.

Project description:OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the radio-opacity of commercially available glass ionomer cements (GICs), flowable resin composites (FRCs) and calcium hydroxide cements (CHCs) and compared this with the radio-opacity of enamel, dentine and aluminium stepwedge. 16 GICs, 8 FRCs and 4 CHCs were analysed. METHODS: Three sets of three samples were prepared: 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm thickness for GIC and FRC and 1 mm thickness for CHC. Specimens of enamel and dentine with the same thicknesses were obtained. As a control, an aluminium stepwedge was used. Radiographs were taken with a digital Kodak RVG 5000 (0.32 s, 30 cm). The images were analysed using the Image Tool(®) program (v. 2.00; The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TV) to obtain the mean grey values. RESULTS: Analysis of variance was used to investigate the significance of differences among the groups. For pairwise comparisons, the Tukey test was applied (p < 0.05). The GICs Ionomaster (Wilcos, Petrópolis, Brazil), Maxxion (FGM, Joinville, Brazil), Bioglass R (Biodinâmica, Ibiporã, Brazil), Bioglass F (Biodinâmica), Vidrion R (SS White, Rio de Janerio, Brazil) and Vidrion F (SS White), presented radio-opacity lower than that of dentine. All FRCs and CHCs studied showed radio-opacity higher than that of dentine. Vitro Fil (DFL, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Magic Glass (Vigodent, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Vitrebond (3M, Sumaré SP, Brazil), Riva Self Cure (SDI, Victoria, Australia), Riva Light Cure (SDI), Fill Magic (Vigodent), Opallis (FGM, Joinville, Brazil), Surefil SDR (Dentsply, Milford, DE), Tetric N (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Lichtenstein), Tetric (Ivoclar Vivadent), Hydro C (Dentsply, Petrópolis, Brazil), Hydcal (Technew, Madalena, Portugal) and Liner (Vigodent) showed radio-opacity similar to or greater than that of enamel for all thicknesses. CONCLUSIONS: The increased thickness of the materials studied increases their radio-opacity. Some commercially available GICs used as a base and liner for restorations have a very low radio-opacity (Ionomaster, Maxxion, Bioglass R, Bioglass F, Vidrion R and Vidrion F).

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Evaluation of digital radiography practice using exposure index tracking.

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Evaluation of digital radiography practice using exposure index tracking.

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