Wine glass size in England from 1700 to 2017: a measure of our time.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Zupan Z
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5728305 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Wine glass size in England from 1700 to 2017: a measure of our time.
Zupan Zorana Z Evans Alexandra A Couturier Dominique-Laurent DL Marteau Theresa M TM
BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 20171213
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Project description:ObjectivePrevious research suggests that wine glass size affects sales of wine in bars, with more wine purchased when served in larger glasses. The current four studies, conducted in one restaurant (Studies 1 and 2) and two bars (Studies 3 and 4) in Cambridge, England, aim to establish the reproducibility of this effect of glass size on sales. A multiple treatment reversal design was used, involving wine being served in sequential fortnightly periods in different sized glasses of the same design (290 ml, 350 ml, and 450 ml). The primary outcome was daily wine volume (ml) sold.ResultsRestaurant: Daily wine volume sold was 13% (95% CI 2%, 24%) higher when served with 350 ml vs. 290 ml glasses in Study 1. A similar direction of effect was seen in Study 2 (6%; 95% CI - 1%, 15%). Bars: Daily wine volume sold was 21% (95% CI 9%, 35%) higher when served with 450 ml vs. 350 ml glasses in Study 3. This effect was not observed in Study 4 (- 7%, 95% CI - 16%, 3%). Meaningful differences were not demonstrated with any other glass comparison. These results partially replicate previous studies showing that larger glasses increase wine sales. Considerable uncertainty remains about the magnitude of any effect and the contexts in which it might occur. Trial registration Study 1: ISRCTN17958895 (21/07/2017), Study 2: ISRCTN17097810 (29/03/2018), Study 3 and 4: ISRCTN39401124 (10/05/2018).
| S-EPMC6637618 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundJudgements of volume may influence the rate of consumption of alcohol and, in turn, the amount consumed. The aim of the current study was to examine the impact of the size and shape of wine glasses on perceptions of wine volume.MethodsOnline experiment: Participants (n = 360; recruited via Mechanical Turk) were asked to match the volume of wine in two wine glasses, specifically: 1. the Reference glass holding a fixed reference volume, and 2. the Comparison glass, for which the volume could be altered until participants perceived it matched the reference volume. One of three comparison glasses was shown in each trial: 'wider' (20% wider but same capacity); 'larger' (same width but 25% greater capacity); or 'wider-and-larger' (20% wider and 25% greater capacity). Reference volumes were 125 ml, 175 ml and 250 ml, in a fully factorial within-subjects design: 3 (comparison glass) x 3 (reference volume). Non-zero differences between the volumes with which participants filled comparison glasses and the corresponding reference volumes were identified using sign-rank tests.ResultsParticipants under-filled the wider glass relative to the reference glass for larger reference volumes, and over-filled the larger glass relative to the reference glass for all reference volumes. Results for the wider-and-larger glass showed a mixed pattern across reference volume. For all comparison glasses, in trials with larger reference volumes participants tended to fill the comparison glass less, relative to trials with smaller reference volumes for the same comparison glass.ConclusionsThese results are broadly consistent with people using the relative fullness of glasses to judge volume, and suggest both the shape and capacity of wine glasses may influence perceived volume. Perceptions that smaller glasses contain more than larger ones (despite containing the same volume), could slow drinking speed and overall consumption by serving standard portions in smaller glasses. This hypothesis awaits testing.
| S-EPMC4689536 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimTo estimate the effects of wine glass size on volume of wine sold in bars and restaurants.DesignA mega-analysis combining raw (as opposed to aggregate-level) data from eight studies conducted in five establishments. A multiple treatment reversal design was used for each data set, with wine glass size changed fortnightly while serving sizes were unaffected, in studies lasting between 14 and 26 weeks.Setting and participantsFive bars and restaurants in England participated in studies between 2015 and 2018, using wine glasses of five sizes: 250, 300, 370, 450 and 510 ml, with the largest size only used in bars.MeasurementsDaily volume of wine sold by the glass, bottle or carafe for non-sparkling wine were recorded at bars (594 days) and restaurants (427 days), averaging 4 months per study.FindingsMega-analysis combining data from bars did not find a significant effect of glass size on volume of wine sold compared with 300-ml glasses: the volume of wine sold using 370-ml glasses was 0.5% lower [95% confidence interval (CI) = -8.1% to 6.1%], using 450-ml glasses was 1.0% higher (95% CI = -9.1 to 12.2) and using 510-ml glasses was 0.4% lower (95% CI = -9.4 to 9.4). For restaurants, compared with 300-ml glasses, the volume of wine sold using 250-ml glasses did not show a significant difference: 9.6% lower (95% CI = -19.0 to 0.7). Using 370-ml glasses the volume of wine sold was 7.3% higher (95% CI = 1.5% to 13.5%); no significant effect was found using 450-ml glasses: 0.9% higher (95% CI = -5.5 to 7.7).ConclusionsThe volume of wine sold in restaurants in England may be greater when 370-ml glasses are used compared with 300-ml wine glasses, but may not be in bars. This might be related to restaurants compared with bars selling more wine in bottles and carafes, which require free-pouring.
| S-EPMC7496108 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundInterventions that alter aspects of the physical environments in which unhealthy behaviours occur have the potential to change behaviour at scale, i.e., across populations, and thereby decrease the risk of several diseases. One set of such interventions involves reducing serving sizes, which could reduce alcohol consumption. The effect of modifying the available range of serving sizes of wine in a real-world setting is unknown. We aimed to assess the impact on the volume of wine sold of removing the largest serving size by the glass from the options available in licensed premises.Methods and findingsThe study was conducted between September 2021 and May 2022 in 21 licensed premises in England that sold wine by the glass in serving sizes greater than 125 ml (i.e., 175 ml or 250 ml) and used an electronic point of sale till system. It used an A-B-A reversal design, set over 3 four-weekly periods. "A" represented the nonintervention periods during which standard serving sizes were served and "B" the intervention period when the largest serving size for a glass of wine was removed from the existing range in each establishment: 250 ml (18 premises) or 175 ml (3 premises). The primary outcome was the daily volume of wine sold, extracted from sales data. Twenty-one premises completed the study, 20 of which did so per protocol and were included in the primary analysis. After adjusting for prespecified covariates, the intervention resulted in -420·8 millilitres (ml) (95% confidence intervals (CIs) -681·4 to -160·2 p = 0·002) or -7·6% (95% CI -12·3%, -2·9%) less wine being sold per day. There was no evidence that sales of beer and cider or total daily revenues changed but the study was not powered to detect differences in these outcomes. The main study limitation is that we were unable to assess the sales of other alcoholic drinks apart from wine, beer, and cider, estimated to comprise approximately 30% of alcoholic drinks sold in participating premises.ConclusionsRemoving the largest serving size of wine by the glass from those available reduced the volume of wine sold. This promising intervention for decreasing alcohol consumption across populations merits consideration as part of alcohol licensing regulations.Trial registrationISRCTN https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN33169631; OSF https://osf.io/xkgdb.
| S-EPMC10796003 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Due to marketing recommendations, white wines are often bottled in flint glass to improve aesthetics and showcase wine color. Although this practice is known to cause a wine fault, the influence of light on the fruity and flowery aromatic profile of wine is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes to the white wine volatilome under typical supermarket shelf conditions, using 1,052 bottles of 24 white wines. After only 7 d of shelf life in flint glass bottles, a dramatic loss in terpenes (10 to 30%) and norisoprenoids (30 to 70%) was recorded, whereas colored glass bottles did not evidence such behavior even after 50 d, and darkness preserved the wine's fruity and flowery aromatic integrity. We also proposed an alternative mechanism for the insurgence of the lightstrike off-odor, which takes the varietal aroma loss into account. In light of this understanding of the flint glass negative impact on white wine aroma identity and sensorial character, this packaging should be strongly discouraged. The same findings should be valid for a wide range of several daily consumed foodstuff where transparent packaging is used.
| S-EPMC9303855 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundTamoxifen was recommended by NICE in 2013 for chemoprevention of breast cancer, but a recent survey suggested only a quarter of GPs are aware of this. We set out to measure the uptake of tamoxifen, and the alternative raloxifene, in national prescribing data sets.MethodsTamoxifen and raloxifene data were extracted from England's monthly prescribing data sets, October 2010-October 2017. We used interrupted time series analysis to reveal national and local responses to guidelines. We investigated variation between practices by calculating percentiles for prescribing rates and ratios of change.ResultsWe found an increase in monthly tamoxifen prescribing following release of the guidelines, with an increase in gradient (p = 0.001) but no step change (p = 0.342). Alongside a small change in raloxifene prescribing we estimate 8450 women took up chemoprevention between 2013 and 2016. We did not find evidence that this was limited to a small group of practices.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the uptake of new guidance on chemoprevention has been slow and has potentially left women exposed to avoidable risk. Improving dissemination of guidance to healthcare professionals and routinely monitoring implementation could help reduce this risk.
| S-EPMC5943266 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study investigates the evolution of the oxygen barrier properties of the bottleneck-stopper system under conditions simulating the conservation of wine in the bottle (presence of model wine, storage position, and temperature) over a long aging period of 24 months. The results highlighted that the oxygen diffusion coefficient of the stopper alone is not modified regardless of the storage conditions. At 20°C, the presence of model wine favors oxygen transfer at the glass-cork interface, accounting for nearly 75% of total oxygen transfer in comparison to cork studied without model wine. Yet, the position of the bottle during storage, vertical (i.e. cork in contact with the vapor phase of the model wine) or horizontal (i.e. cork in contact with the liquid phase), does not influence the oxygen transfer. At higher storage temperatures (35 and 50°C), the barrier properties of the bottleneck-cork system remain stable up to 9 and 3 months, respectively. After this period, an alteration of the barrier properties is observed with an increase of the transfer at the glass-cork interface.
| S-EPMC10629979 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AIMS:To measure the variation in prescribing of second-line non-insulin diabetes drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We evaluated time trends for the period 1998 to 2016, using England's publicly available prescribing datasets, and stratified these by the order in which they were prescribed to patients using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. We calculated the proportion of each class of diabetes drug as a percentage of the total per year. We evaluated geographical variation in prescribing using general practice-level data for the latest 12 months (to August 2017), with aggregation to Clinical Commissioning Groups. We calculated percentiles and ranges, and plotted maps. RESULTS:Prescribing of therapy after metformin is changing rapidly. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use has increased markedly, with DPP-4 inhibitors now the most common second-line drug (43% prescriptions in 2016). The use of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors also increased rapidly (14% new second-line, 27% new third-line prescriptions in 2016). There was wide geographical variation in choice of therapies and average spend per patient. In contrast, metformin was consistently used as a first-line treatment in accordance with guidelines. CONCLUSIONS:In England there is extensive geographical variation in the prescribing of diabetes drugs after metformin, and increasing use of higher-cost DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT-2 inhibitors compared with low-cost sulphonylureas. Our findings strongly support the case for comparative effectiveness trials of current diabetes drugs.
| S-EPMC6099452 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Podoscypha is a recognized therapeutically significant genus of mushrooms. A Podoscypha species under a Morus sp. Was found from the largest man-made forest Changa-Manga, Kasur during the exploration of fungal flora of Pakistan. Detailed morpho-anatomical and phylogenetic analysis identified it as P. petalodes, a part of common native flora of many regions of the world like Pakistan. The culturabilty and cultivation potential of this fungus was assessed for the first time using different media and substrates. Maximum cultural growth was observed on the Compost Extract Agar (CEA) medium at 28 °C. Mycelium of cultured strains on CEA medium was used for the spawn production on wheat, sorghum and barley grains. Cultivation potential in the form of spawn running period, harvesting time duration and yield was investigated on variety of substrates. A mixed substrate of sawdust and tea waste at 28 °C showed the optimum yield. Tea-waste was used as the casing material in all substrates and proved very effective. These results depicted that Podoscypha petalodes possesses the cultivation potential. Its cultivation on large scale can solve the major health concerns of the growing population. It would provide the people easy accessibility of economical, effective and natural medicine throughout the year that restrict in case of only natural production at specific time of the year.
| S-EPMC10238867 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and aimsReducing alcohol consumption across populations would decrease the risk of a range of diseases, including many cancers, cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. The aim of the current study was to estimate the impact of using smaller bottles (37.5- versus 75-cl) and glasses (290 versus 370 ml) on consuming wine at home.DesignRandomized controlled trial of households with cross-over randomization to bottle size and parallel randomization to glass size.SettingUK households.ParticipantsA total of 260 households consuming at least two 75-cl bottles of wine each week, recruited from the general population through a research agency. The majority consisted of adults who were white and of higher socio-economic position.InterventionHouseholds were randomized to the order in which they purchased wine in 37.5- or 75-cl bottles, to consume during two 14-day intervention periods, and further randomized to receive smaller (290 ml) or larger (350 ml) glasses to use during both intervention periods.MeasurementsVolume (ml) of study wine consumed at the end of each 14-day intervention period, measured using photographs of purchased bottles, weighed on study scales.FindingsOf the randomized households, 217 of 260 (83%) completed the study as per protocol and were included in the primary analysis. There was weak evidence that smaller bottles reduced consumption: after accounting for pre-specified covariates, households consumed on average 145.7 ml (3.6%) less wine when drinking from smaller bottles than from larger bottles [95% confidence intervals (CI) = -335.5 to 43. ml; -8.3 to 1.1%; P = 0.137; Bayes factor (BF) = 2.00]. The evidence for the effect of smaller glasses was stronger: households consumed on average 253.3 ml (6.5%) less wine when drinking from smaller glasses than from larger glasses (95% CI = -517 to 10 ml; -13.2 to 0.3%; P = 0.065; BF = 2.96).ConclusionsUsing smaller glasses to drink wine at home may reduce consumption. Greater uncertainty remains around the possible effect of drinking from smaller bottles.
| S-EPMC9804259 | biostudies-literature