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The effect of wine glass size on volume of wine sold: a mega-analysis of studies in bars and restaurants.

ABSTRACT: AIM:To estimate the effects of wine glass size on volume of wine sold in bars and restaurants. DESIGN:A mega-analysis combining raw (as opposed to aggregate-level) data from eight studies conducted in five establishments. A multiple treatment reversal design was used for each data set, with wine glass size changed fortnightly while serving sizes were unaffected, in studies lasting between 14 and 26 weeks. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:Five bars and restaurants in England participated in studies between 2015 and 2018, using wine glasses of five sizes: 250, 300, 370, 450 and 510 ml, with the largest size only used in bars. MEASUREMENTS:Daily volume of wine sold by the glass, bottle or carafe for non-sparkling wine were recorded at bars (594 days) and restaurants (427 days), averaging 4 months per study. FINDINGS:Mega-analysis combining data from bars did not find a significant effect of glass size on volume of wine sold compared with 300-ml glasses: the volume of wine sold using 370-ml glasses was 0.5% lower [95% confidence interval (CI) = -8.1% to 6.1%], using 450-ml glasses was 1.0% higher (95% CI = -9.1 to 12.2) and using 510-ml glasses was 0.4% lower (95% CI = -9.4 to 9.4). For restaurants, compared with 300-ml glasses, the volume of wine sold using 250-ml glasses did not show a significant difference: 9.6% lower (95% CI = -19.0 to 0.7). Using 370-ml glasses the volume of wine sold was 7.3% higher (95% CI = 1.5% to 13.5%); no significant effect was found using 450-ml glasses: 0.9% higher (95% CI = -5.5 to 7.7). CONCLUSIONS:The volume of wine sold in restaurants in England may be greater when 370-ml glasses are used compared with 300-ml wine glasses, but may not be in bars. This might be related to restaurants compared with bars selling more wine in bottles and carafes, which require free-pouring.

SUBMITTER: Pilling M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7496108 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The effect of wine glass size on volume of wine sold: a mega-analysis of studies in bars and restaurants.

Pilling Mark M Clarke Natasha N Pechey Rachel R Hollands Gareth J GJ Marteau Theresa M TM

Addiction (Abingdon, England) 20200227 9

<h4>Aim</h4>To estimate the effects of wine glass size on volume of wine sold in bars and restaurants.<h4>Design</h4>A mega-analysis combining raw (as opposed to aggregate-level) data from eight studies conducted in five establishments. A multiple treatment reversal design was used for each data set, with wine glass size changed fortnightly while serving sizes were unaffected, in studies lasting between 14 and 26 weeks.<h4>Setting and participants</h4>Five bars and restaurants in England partici ...[more]

PMID: 32003493

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Project description:BackgroundJudgements of volume may influence the rate of consumption of alcohol and, in turn, the amount consumed. The aim of the current study was to examine the impact of the size and shape of wine glasses on perceptions of wine volume.MethodsOnline experiment: Participants (n = 360; recruited via Mechanical Turk) were asked to match the volume of wine in two wine glasses, specifically: 1. the Reference glass holding a fixed reference volume, and 2. the Comparison glass, for which the volume could be altered until participants perceived it matched the reference volume. One of three comparison glasses was shown in each trial: 'wider' (20% wider but same capacity); 'larger' (same width but 25% greater capacity); or 'wider-and-larger' (20% wider and 25% greater capacity). Reference volumes were 125 ml, 175 ml and 250 ml, in a fully factorial within-subjects design: 3 (comparison glass) x 3 (reference volume). Non-zero differences between the volumes with which participants filled comparison glasses and the corresponding reference volumes were identified using sign-rank tests.ResultsParticipants under-filled the wider glass relative to the reference glass for larger reference volumes, and over-filled the larger glass relative to the reference glass for all reference volumes. Results for the wider-and-larger glass showed a mixed pattern across reference volume. For all comparison glasses, in trials with larger reference volumes participants tended to fill the comparison glass less, relative to trials with smaller reference volumes for the same comparison glass.ConclusionsThese results are broadly consistent with people using the relative fullness of glasses to judge volume, and suggest both the shape and capacity of wine glasses may influence perceived volume. Perceptions that smaller glasses contain more than larger ones (despite containing the same volume), could slow drinking speed and overall consumption by serving standard portions in smaller glasses. This hypothesis awaits testing.

Project description:Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been recognized as a major health hazard by environmental and public health authorities worldwide. In Portugal, smoke-free laws are in force for some years, banning smoking in most indoor public spaces. However, in hospitality venues such as restaurants and bars, owners can still choose between a total smoke-free policy or a partial smoking restriction with designated smoking areas, if adequate reinforced ventilation systems are implemented. Despite that, a previous study showed that workers remained continuously exposed to higher ETS pollution in Lisbon restaurants and bars where smoking was still allowed, comparatively to total smoke-free venues. This was assessed by measurements of indoor PM2.5 and urinary cotinine, a biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure, demonstrating that partial smoking restrictions do not effectively protect workers from ETS. The aim of the present work was to characterize effect and susceptibility biomarkers in non-smokers from those hospitality venues occupationally exposed to ETS comparatively to non-exposed ones. A group of smokers was also included for comparison. The sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronucleus (MN) and comet assays in whole peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and the micronucleus assay in exfoliated buccal cells, were used as biomarkers of genotoxicity. Furthermore, a comet assay after ex vivo challenge of leukocytes with an alkylating agent, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), was used to analyze the repair capacity of those cells. Genetic polymorphisms in genes associated with metabolism and DNA repair were also included. The results showed no clear association between occupational exposure to ETS and the induction of genotoxicity. Interestingly, the leukocytes from non-smoking ETS-exposed individuals displayed lower DNA damage levels in response to the ex vivo EMS challenge, in comparison to those from non-exposed workers, suggesting a possible adaptive response. The contribution of individual susceptibility to the effect biomarkers studied was unclear, deserving further investigation.

Dataset Information

The effect of wine glass size on volume of wine sold: a mega-analysis of studies in bars and restaurants.

Publications

The effect of wine glass size on volume of wine sold: a mega-analysis of studies in bars and restaurants.

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