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Brucella induces unfolded protein response and inflammatory response via GntR in alveolar macrophages.

ABSTRACT: Brucella is an intracellular bacterium that causes the zoonosis brucellosis worldwide. Alveolar macrophages (AM) constitute the main cell target of inhaled Brucella. Brucella thwarts immune surveillance and evokes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to replicate in macrophages via virulence factors. The GntR regulators family was concentrated as an important virulence factor in controlling virulence and intracellular survival of Brucella. However, the detailed underlying mechanism for the host-pathogen interaction is poorly understood. In this study the BSS2_II0438 mutant (?GntR) was constructed. The type IV secretion system (T4SS) virulence factor genes (VirB2, VirB6, and VirB8) were down-expression in ?GntR. ?GntR could infect and proliferate to high titers in GAMs without a significant difference compared with the parental strain. ?GntR infection increased the expression of ER stress marker genes GRP78, ATF6, and PERK in the early stages of its intracellular cycle but decreased the expression of these genes in the late stages. ?GntR increased greatly the number of Brucella CFUs in the inactive ER stress state in GAMs. Meanwhile, ?GntR infection increased the levels of IFN-?, IL-1?, and TNF-?, indicating ?GntR could induce the secretion of inflammatory but not anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10. Taken together, our results clarified the role of the GntR in B. suis. S2 virulence expression and elucidated that GntR is potentially involved in the signaling pathway of the Brucella-induced UPR and inflammatory response in GAMs.

SUBMITTER: Zhou D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5797042 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Brucella induces unfolded protein response and inflammatory response via GntR in alveolar macrophages.

Zhou Dong D Zhi Fei-Jie FJ Qi Mao-Zhen MZ Bai Fu-Rong FR Zhang Guangdong G Li Jun-Mei JM Liu Huan H Chen Hua-Tao HT Lin Peng-Fei PF Tang Ke-Qiong KQ Liu Wei W Jin Ya-Ping YP Wang Ai-Hua AH

Oncotarget 20171226 4

Brucella is an intracellular bacterium that causes the zoonosis brucellosis worldwide. Alveolar macrophages (AM) constitute the main cell target of inhaled Brucella. Brucella thwarts immune surveillance and evokes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to replicate in macrophages via virulence factors. The GntR regulators family was concentrated as an important virulence factor in controlling virulence and intracellular survival of Brucella. However, the detailed underlyin ...[more]

PMID: 29435171

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Project description:Brucella melitensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes brucellosis, the most prevalent zoonosis worldwide. The Brucella intracellular replicative niche in macrophages and dendritic cells thwarts immune surveillance and complicates both therapy and vaccine development. Currently, host-pathogen interactions supporting Brucella replication are poorly understood. Brucella fuses with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to replicate, resulting in dramatic restructuring of the ER. This ER disruption raises the possibility that Brucella provokes an ER stress response called the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). In this study, B. melitensis infection up regulated expression of the UPR target genes BiP, CHOP, and ERdj4, and induced XBP1 mRNA splicing in murine macrophages. These data implicate activation of all 3 major signaling pathways of the UPR. Consistent with previous reports, XBP1 mRNA splicing was largely MyD88-dependent. However, up regulation of CHOP, and ERdj4 was completely MyD88 independent. Heat killed Brucella stimulated significantly less BiP, CHOP, and ERdj4 expression, but induced XBP1 splicing. Although a Brucella VirB mutant showed relatively intact UPR induction, a TcpB mutant had significantly compromised BiP, CHOP and ERdj4 expression. Purified TcpB, a protein recently identified to modulate microtubules in a manner similar to paclitaxel, also induced UPR target gene expression and resulted in dramatic restructuring of the ER. In contrast, infection with the TcpB mutant resulted in much less ER structural disruption. Finally, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, a pharmacologic chaperone that ameliorates the UPR, significantly impaired Brucella replication in macrophages. Together, these results suggest Brucella induces a UPR, via TcpB and potentially other factors, that enables its intracellular replication. Thus, the UPR may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of brucellosis. These results also have implications for other intracellular bacteria that rely on host physiologic stress responses for replication.

Project description:The Leishmaniases are a group of parasitic diseases caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus affecting both humans and other vertebrates. Leishmania is an intracellular pathogen able to confer resistance to apoptosis in the early phase of macrophages infection by activation of host PI3K/Akt pathway and inhibition of caspase-3 activation. Intracellular pathogens hijack organelles such as ER to facilitate survival and replication, thus eliciting ER stress and activating/modulating the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the host cell. The UPR is aimed to mitigate ER stress, thereby promoting cell survival. However, prolonged ER stress will activate the apoptotic pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the ER stress response in Leishmania-infected macrophages to gain insights about the mechanisms underlying the apoptosis resistance in parasitized cells. Macrophages differentiated from human monocytic cell lines (U937 and THP-1) and murine primary macrophages were infected with Leishmania infantum MHOM/TN/80/IPT1 (WHO international reference strain). Several ER stress/autophagy expression markers, as well as cell survival/apoptosis markers (phospho-Akt and cleaved caspase-3) were evaluated by qPCR and/or by western blotting. As ER stress positive control, cells were treated with tunicamycin or dithiothreitol (DTT). The gene expression analyses showed a mild but significant induction of the ER stress/autophagy markers. The western blot analyses revealed that the Leishmania infection induced Akt phosphorylation and significantly inhibited the induction of caspase-3 cleavage, eIF2α phosphorylation and DDIT3/CHOP expression in tunicamycin and DTT treated cells. The mild but significant increase in ER stress expression markers and the delay/attenuation of the effects of ER stress inducers in infected cells support the hypothesis that L. infantum could promote survival of host cells by inducing a mild ER stress response. The host ER stress response could be not only a common pathogenic mechanism among Leishmania species but also a target for development of new drugs.

Project description:Background Glioblastoma (GBM; grade IV glioma) is characterized by a very short overall survival time and extremely low 5-year survival rates. We intend to promote experimental and clinical research on rationale and scientifically driven drug repurposing. This may represent a safe and often inexpensive way to propose novel pharmacological approaches to GBM. Our precedent work describes the role of chlorpromazine (CPZ) in hindering malignant features of GBM. Here, we investigate in greater detail the molecular mechanisms at the basis of the effect of CPZ on GBM cells. Methods We employed proteomics platforms, i.e., activity-based protein profiling plus mass spectrometry, to identify potential cellular targets of the drug. Then, by means of established molecular and cellular biology techniques, we assessed the effects of this drug on GBM cell metabolic and survival pathways. Results The experimental output indicated as putative targets of CPZ several of factors implicated in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, with consequent unfolded protein response (UPR). Such a perturbation culminated in a noticeable reactive oxygen species generation and intense autophagic response that resulted in cytotoxic and abortive effects for six GBM cell lines, three of which growing as neurospheres, while it appeared cytoprotective for the RPE-1 human non-cancer neuro-ectodermal cell line. Conclusions This discrepancy could be central in explaining the lethal effects of the drug on GBM cells and the relatively scarce cytotoxicity toward normal tissues attributed to this compound. The data presented here offer support to the multicenter phase II clinical trial we have undertaken, which consists of the addition of CPZ to first-line treatment of GBM patients carrying a hypo- or un-methylated MGMT gene, i.e. those characterized by intrinsic resistance to temozolomide. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02144-w.

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Brucella induces unfolded protein response and inflammatory response via GntR in alveolar macrophages.

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<i>Brucella</i> induces unfolded protein response and inflammatory response via GntR in alveolar macrophages.

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